Books by Irina Shatilova
საქართველოს გვიანკაინოზოური მცენარეულობის ისტორია პალინოლოგიური მონაცემების მიხედვით, 2024
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti GEORGIAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi GEO... more saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti GEORGIAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM THE HISTORY OF VEGETATION ON THE TERRITORY OF GEORGIA DURING THE LATE CENOZOIC gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2024 BASED ON PALYNOLOGICAL DATA KOKOLASHVILI I., BUKHSIANIDZE M., SHATILOVA I. ი. კოკოლაშვილი, მ. ბუხსიანიძე, ი. შატილოვა საქართველოს გვიანკაინოზოური მცენარეულობის ისტორია პალინოლოგიური მონაცემების მიხედვით UDC (uak) 561+551.782.13+902.672(479.22) ავტორები: კოკოლაშვილი ი. მ. -საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტი, 0160, თბილისი, მ. კოსტავას 77; ბუხსიანიძე მ. გ. -საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმი, 0101, თბილისი, ა. ფურცელაძის 3; შატილოვა ი. ი. -საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმი, 0101, თბილისი, ა. ფურცელაძის 3. რედაქტორები: საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის როფესორი, გეოლ.-მინ. მეცნ. დოქტორი -მევლუდ შარიქაძე; საქ. მეცნ. ეროვნული აკადემიის, ბიოლოგიის განყოფილების სწავლული მდივანი -მაია გრიგოლავა. რეცენზენტები: საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმის წამყვანი მეცნიერი, გეოლ.-მინ. მეცნ. დოქტორი -ელისო ყვავაძე; საქართველოს ტექნიკური უნივერსიტეტის პროფესორი, გეოლ.-მინ. მეცნ. კანდიდატი -შალვა კელეპტრიშვილი.
The History of Vegetation on the Territory of Georgia During the Late Cenozoic Based on Palynological Data, 2024
The present book is a result of the study of Georgian Late Cenozoic deposits by palynological met... more The present book is a result of the study of Georgian Late Cenozoic deposits by palynological method. Nearly 30 sections are described. Two types of palynological diagrams are constructed for each section. The first one reflects the percentage of fluctuations of pollen grains of the main woody plants over time, while the second one is constructed by the landscape method and reflects the variation of the areas of vegetation formations over time. The main objective of present book is reconstruction of the nearly continuous Late Cenozoic history of vegetation of Georgia, with the special emphasis on “Colchis refuge” of the Tertiary flora.
Late Cenozoic Bioevents on the Territory of Georgia (Foraminifera and Pollen), 2021
Georgia, located between the Black and Caspian Seas in the Caucasus, features three major orograp... more Georgia, located between the Black and Caspian Seas in the Caucasus, features three major orographic systems and a mountainous terrain. During the Miocene, it was a single South Caucasian intermontane depression, later divided by the Dzirula Massif. The western part, connected to the Black Sea (Rioni Bay), accumulated marine deposits until the Pleistocene, while the eastern part (Kura Bay) became dry land. This led to independent biota development in Western and Eastern Georgia.
This study explores the upper Cenozoic deposits of Georgia, focusing on Sarmatian and Meotian deposits. It identifies significant environmental changes, such as the transition between the Bessarabian and Khersonian periods and the Meotian-Pontian boundary, marked by climate deterioration. The study includes data from multiple sections across Georgia, reconstructing the continuous history of flora and vegetation from the upper Miocene to the Pleistocene, highlighting the gradual shift from polydominant to monodominant forests. The monograph aims to detail the synchronous impact of tectonic processes on marine and terrestrial biota during the late Miocene.
The foraminifera of the Miocene deposits of the Black Sea-Caspian region were studied by many pal... more The foraminifera of the Miocene deposits of the Black Sea-Caspian region were studied by many paleontologists, most importantly Bogdanowicz (1965), Didkovsky (1966), Dzhanelidze (1970), Dzhanelidze et al. (1985). The foraminifera of Sarmatian s.l. and Meotian deposits of Western Georgia were the subject of investigations of Maissuradze (1966, 1971, 1980, and 1988). The foraminifera of Sarmatian s.l. deposits of Eastern Georgia were studied by Koiava (2004, 2006 b). The Sarmatian s.l. deposits are widely distributed on the territory of Georgia. They are characterized by frequent changes of facies, which was the main factor that influenced the composition of foraminiferal fauna. During the late Cenozoic, several stages in the development of foraminifera can be distinguished (Koiava et al., 2008; Koiava et al., 2017). The characteristics of these stages are given below. The Volhynian commonly overlies conformably the Konkian deposits and is represented by argillo-arenaceous facies (sands, clays). In the shallow water deposits of the lower part of Volhynian are dominant: Elphidium macellum (Fichtel & Moll), E. crispum (Linnaeus), E. obtusum (d'Orbigny), E. hauerinum (d'Orbigny), E. angulatum (Egger), Elphidiella artifex (Serova). In lesser numbers of specimens occur: Ammonia aff. beccarii (Linnaeus), Nonion tumidulus Pishvanova, N. bogdanowiczi Voloshinova, Sinuloculina consobrina (d'Orbigny), Varidentella reussi reussi (Bogdanowicz), V. reussi sartaganica (Krasheninnikov), Affinetrina guriana (Dzhanelidze), Porosononion martkobi (Bogdanowicz), P. subgranosum (Egger) and others (Maissuradze, Koiava 2011 a). In deeper argillaceous deposits of the same age are found: Varidentella reussi reussi (Bogdanowicz), V. reussi sartaganica (Krasheninnikov), Sinuloculina consobrina (d'Orbigny), Affinetrina guriana (Dzhanelidze), Cycloforina karreri (Reuss), Quinqueloculina collaris (Gerke & Issaeva), 12 Spiroloculina okrojantzi Bogdanowicz, Articulina problema Bogdanowicz, A. tamanica Bogdanowicz. Commonly it is possible to see also thin-shelled, comparatively small Nonion tumidulus Pishvanova, N. bogdanowiczi Voloshinova, Porosononion martkobi (Bogdanowicz), P. subgranosum (Egger), Fissurina aff. marginata (Montagu) and statoliths of crustaceans Sarmysis sarmaticus (Khalilov). Both facies are characterized by layers with Varidentella reussi and are attributed to the stage I. The upper part of Volhynian is also characterized by different assemblage the composition of which is dependent on lithology or depth of the basin where the sediments accumulated. In near-shore deposits the species of Nonion, Elphidium, and Porosononion dominate. In deeper-water deposits miliolids dominate: Articulina, Varidentella, Sinuloculina, Cycloforina, Affinetrina and also, rarely, Nonion and Porosononion. In complexes of this age the first endemic species and subspecies are found: Sinuloculina consobrina sarmatica (Gerke), Cycloforina karreri ovata (Serova), Varidentella complanata (Gerke & Issaeva), Articularia articulinoides (Gerke & Issaeva), Fissurina cubanica (Bogdanowicz), F. elongata (Pobedina, Voroshilova, Rybina & Kuznetsova). The number of percentage of miliolids and elphidiids are different. In the West, the miliolids are dominant but in the East elphidiids (Nonionidae and Elphidiidae) prevail. The complex of foraminifera in the Bessarabian is composed of the following species: Affinetrina voloshinovae voloshinovae (Bogdanowicz), A. voloshinovae eldarica Maissuradze, Koiava & Spezzaferri, A. voloshinovae pecteniformis (Bogdanowicz), Cycloforina karreri (Reuss), Sinuloculina angustioris (Bogdanowicz), Varidentella complanata (Gerke & Issaeva), V. reussi costulata Maissuradze, Koiava & Spezzaferri, Spiroloculina okrojantzi Bogdanowicz, S.
Papers by Irina Shatilova
The Paleontological Society Special Publications, 1996
Палинологическое Обоснование Стратиграфического Расчленения Сарматских Отложений Восточной Грузии
Bioevents on the Territory of Georgia During the Late Cenozoic as Evidenced by Foraminifers and Palynomorphs
The foraminifers and palynomorphs from the Late Cenozoic in Eastern and Western Georgia were stud... more The foraminifers and palynomorphs from the Late Cenozoic in Eastern and Western Georgia were studied in more than 45 sections. The evolution of the foraminifers is traced and development stages are distinguished for the Sarmatian and the Meotian. The landscape-phytocenological method allows interpreting the evolution of vegetation depending on climatic fluctuations. Common turning-points in the development of marine and terrestrial biocoenoses are recognized and connected with changes in paleogeography and depositional environments in the region of todays Caucasus during the Late Cenozoic.
Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2011
On the territory of Georgia the fossil remains of the genus Disanthus are represented only by pol... more On the territory of Georgia the fossil remains of the genus Disanthus are represented only by pollen grains from Sarmatian and Meotian deposits. Two types of grain are determined: large and small. According to morphological features the large grains are similar to the recent species Disanthus cercidifolius Maxim. The small grains are considered as its variation and are given under the name D. cercidifolius Maxim. var. minor
Paleobotanical investigations have been carried out in Georgia (South Caucasus) since the early 2... more Paleobotanical investigations have been carried out in Georgia (South Caucasus) since the early 20 th century. In this work, we bring together the great body of research on fossil material from Georgia's Phanerozoic deposits to provide descriptions of the floras, plant communities and paleogeographic conditions of past geological epochs. The paleofloras of Western Georgia, from the stratotypical region of Eastern Paratethys, are considered in particular detail as the Black Sea deposits provide a continuous fossil record spanning the entire Neogene and Quaternary. These sediments, dated biostratigaphically using marine fauna, contain rich paleobotanical material of both macrobotanical remains and palynomorphs. Pollen and spore assemblages from complete sections of various Upper Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene stages have been interpreted using the landscape-phytocenological method, providing an almost uninterrupted reconstruction of vegetation and climate dynamics in Georgia. The work also contains complete flora lists of various stratigraphical units, palynological diagrams, maps of fossil localities and paleogeographical maps of Georgia. Fig.2. Scheme of tectonic structure of Georgia (after P. Gamkrelidze, 1964) Key: I. The anticlinal Greater Caucasus; II. The folded system of the Greater Caucasus southern slope; III. The Georgian block (intermontane depression); IV. The Adjara-Trialetian system; V. The Artvino-bolnisian block. According to I. Gamkrelidze (2000), the following systems are found in Georgia: the folded system of the Greater Caucasus (Kavkasioni), the Transcaucasian (South Caucasus) intermontane region and the folded system of the Lesser Caucasus (Antikavkasioni).
The work is devoted to the history of an angiosperm plant of indeterminate botanical affinity on ... more The work is devoted to the history of an angiosperm plant of indeterminate botanical affinity on the territory of Georgia. In the fossil material it is known by pollen grains, which are distributed in the Cenozoic deposits of Eurasia and described under different names. © 2009 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci.
The Microfaunistical and Palynological Characteristic of Middle Sarmatian Deposits of Eastern Georgia (Kartli)
ABSTRACT
The Paleogene was the time when genus Juglans appeared in the geological records of Georgia. It a... more The Paleogene was the time when genus Juglans appeared in the geological records of Georgia. It attains the optimal development in Early Pleistocene (Gurian), when it was represented by 6 species: Juglans regia L., J. cinerea L., J. nigra L., J. insularis Griseb., J.sigillata Dode, J. aff. rupestris Engelm. Together with the beech nut was the dominant of hardwood forest. The systematical composition and predominate role of Juglans reduced in the following Chaudian time, after which only J. regia preserved in composition of the Georgia's flora. The history of hardwood forest shows that on the territory of Western Georgia the evolution of Juglans in great degree depended on the biotic factor. As a result of orogenic movements, at the end of the Gurian in the middle mountain zone the conditions optimal for beech and nut were originated. Both plants simultaneously became the dominants of forest. But the nut did not endure the competition with beech, strong environments forming plant...
The Comparison of the Results of Palynologial and Microfaunistical Invertigations of the Sarmatian Deposits of Eastern Georgia.pdf
The results of palynological and microfaunistical investigations of the Sarmatian deposits of Eas... more The results of palynological and microfaunistical investigations of the Sarmatian deposits of Eastern Georgia are given. The similarity in dynamics of terrestrial and marine biocenosis is established. © 2012 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci.
In geological records the genus Alangium is known from the Paleogene. Morphologically different p... more In geological records the genus Alangium is known from the Paleogene. Morphologically different pollen grains were determined in the Eocene deposits of both hemispheres: the pollen of Alangium sp. A in North America, Alangiopollis eocaenicus Krutzsch in Europe and Alangium sibiricum Lubomirova in the Western Siberia. The species A. barhoornianum Traverse was described from the Upper Oligocene Brandon lignite of Vermond (North America). The same pollen grains were revealed in Europe. The European pollen remains were similar to Traverse's Alangium barhoornianum and only the generic name was changed. On the territory of Europe the species Alangiopollis barhoornianum (Traverse) Krutzch is known mainly from the Paleogene till the Middle Miocene. Approximately in the same interval of time the species A. simplex Nagy and A. rarus Cernjavska were determined. On the territory of Georgia the genus Alangium is also known from Paleogene. The species Alangiopollis eocaenicus was described fr...
The Palynological Characteristic of Eastern Georgia Sarmatian Deposits, Jul 1, 2013
На территории Восточной Грузии сарматские отложения имеют широкое распространение и делятся на тр... more На территории Восточной Грузии сарматские отложения имеют широкое распространение и делятся на три подъяруса (таб. I). В большинстве случаев нижний сармат согласно налегает на слои конки и представлен как прибрежно-мелководными, так и относительно глубоководными осадками, мощность которых в различных по глубине участках бассейна варьирует от 50-90 м до 250-350 м. Разрезы датированы микро-и макрофауной. Бедность морской фауны и некоторые другие признаки указывают на существование обширного мелководного, опресненного бассейна, к северу и к югу от которого были расположены хребты широтного направления (Коиава, 2006). Mohria, Gleichenia, Dicksonia, Pteris, Polypodium, а также формального таксона Clavi fera. II палинозона отвечает нижней части среднего сармата. Она выделяется наиболее богатым составом древесных пород и папоротников, а также низким процентным содержанием травянистых растений. III палинозона соответствует средней части среднего сармата.Здесь заметно увеличивается роль травянистых растений. По сравнению с предыдущей палинозоной сокращается содержание пыльцы древесных, особенно субтропических пород. IV палинозона охватывает слои верхней части среднего сармата. В составе палинокомплекса увеличивается количество пыльцевых зерен древесных, в основном за счет растений субтропического климата. V палинозонанижняя часть верхнего сарматавыделяется наиболее обедненными спектрами. Сокращается роль субтропических растений, древесных и папоротников, увеличивается процентное содержание сосны и трав. Ниже приводим общий список растений, пыльца и споры которых были определены в сарматских отложениях по реке Арагви:
The Sarmatian deposits in the vicinity of the town of Mtskheta were studied by palynological meth... more The Sarmatian deposits in the vicinity of the town of Mtskheta were studied by palynological method. All layers of the section contain pollen and spores. Of great interest is the presence of palynomorphs in Upper Sarmatian deposits, a large part of which on the territory of Kartli is represented by continental sediments. Sarmatian deposits are widely distributed on the territory of Eastern Georgia (Fig.1). By faunistical and lithological data they are divided into three substages: Volhinian, Bessarabian and Khersonian. On the territory of Kartli the Lower Sarmatian is conformably bedding on the Konkian deposits and is represented by clayey sediments with intercalations of limestones and sandstones. Lower Sarmatian is characterized well by fauna [1]. The deposits of Middle Sarmatian are comfortably bedding on Lower Sarmatian. They are represented by blue-grayish or green-grayish clays with rich fauna of mollusks [1]. In the Kartli depression the Upper Sarmatian is represented by fres...
The Flora and Vegetation of Eastern Georgia in the Sarmatian
5th International Conference "Environmental Micropalaeontology, Microbiology and Meiobenthology", 2008
ABSTRACT The results of palynological and microfaunistical investigations of the Sarmatian deposi... more ABSTRACT The results of palynological and microfaunistical investigations of the Sarmatian deposits of Eastern Georgia are given. The similarity in dynamics of terrestrial and marine biocenosis is established. © 2012 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci. Sarmatian deposits are widely distributed on the territory of Eastern Georgia. By faunistical data they are divided into three substages: Volhinian, Bessarabian and Khersonian (Fig.1). In most cases the Lower Sarmatian is conformably bedded on the Konkian deposits and is represented by coastal-shal-low and deep-sea sediments. The thickness of Lower Sarmatian is 50-90 m in coastal regions and 250-350 m in the central part of the basin. The sections are dated by micro-macrofauna (Quenqueloculina, Nonion, Elphidium, Porosononion, Donax, Mactra, Ervilia) [1-3]. By data of Koiava [3], the thickness of Lower Sarmatian deposits, poorness of fauna indicate the existence of a large, shallow, brackish basin. North-southward of this basin mountain ranges of latitudi-nal direction were situated. At the beginning of the Middle Sarmatian the paleogeographical situation was unchanged. Only the retreat of the sea northwards had taken place, that found reflection in the transgressive bedding of Middle Sarmatian deposits of the south wing of the Kakhetian range. The deposits of Middle Sarmatian mainly are represented by blue-grayish clays with rich fauna. The thickness of the Middle Sarmatian is changed from 100 to 1000 m [1,3]. In Kartli to the Upper Sarmatian belongs the thick series of continental deposits of the so-called Natskhorian suite, whose thickness changes from 300 to 2500 m. This suite is widely distributed on
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Books by Irina Shatilova
This study explores the upper Cenozoic deposits of Georgia, focusing on Sarmatian and Meotian deposits. It identifies significant environmental changes, such as the transition between the Bessarabian and Khersonian periods and the Meotian-Pontian boundary, marked by climate deterioration. The study includes data from multiple sections across Georgia, reconstructing the continuous history of flora and vegetation from the upper Miocene to the Pleistocene, highlighting the gradual shift from polydominant to monodominant forests. The monograph aims to detail the synchronous impact of tectonic processes on marine and terrestrial biota during the late Miocene.
Papers by Irina Shatilova