Thesis Chapters by Hekmat M. Ibrahim
It is impractical to monitor water quality more than a small fraction of lakes by conventional fi... more It is impractical to monitor water quality more than a small fraction of lakes by conventional field methods because of expense and time requirements. High resolution satellite image is more convenient to be applied to collect the required data for monitoring and assessing water quality in the lakes. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the water quality indices and concentration of some parameters (Temperature, DO, BOD, pH, Turbidity, TSS, TDS, EC, NO3, PO4 and E. coli) through applying developed water quality estimation models based on the remote sensing and GIS techniques on the Landsat 8 OLI satellite image using twenty points in Dokan Lake, Kurdistan Region, Iraq at two different seasons.
Four standard mathematical methods (NSFWQI, CCMEWQI, OWQI and AWWQI) are used to find the water quality indices at the twenty stations in Dokan Lake. Results of NSFWQI method are found as medium class for all stations except station 11, 12 and 13 which are classified as bad class for Spring season. The second method (CCMEWQI), all stations are classified as good for Autumn Season except station 1 and 2 as marginal and 16 as fair. In third method (OWQI) are classified as good for all stations except station 1 and 8 which classified as fair. However, it has shown very poor for Spring season. Finally, in the fourth method (AWWQI), all stations are classified as poor except station 15 and 19 which classified as very poor while station 16 is classified as unsuitable for drinking. The Secchi Disk Transparency (SDT) and the Trophic State Index (TSI) was come up with high variance for all stations. Multiple linear regression is used to obtain mathematical models for estimating the water quality indices and concentration of some parameters depending on spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 OLI.
In this study, new band (coastal blue) of Landsat 8 OLI has been undertaken in developing of models. Moreover, new Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and new 7 band ratios with 16 band combinations have been used. The best model is the AWWQI which has the highest coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.993 for Autumn season and slightly low (0.612) for Spring season. The highest determination coefficient for SDT and TSI is 0.982 and 0.873 for Autumn Season and (0.951, 0.973) for Spring season respectively. However, high R2 of 0.982, 0.982, 0.832 for TSS, Turbidity and DO are resulted respectively. Generally, for Spring season, the performance of all models is reduced due to seasonal change, variance of parameters and other factors. However, high R2 of 0.862 has been shown for Temperature.
Once the developed models applied in order to have maps with a variation of colors. This facilitates to predict how the results of WQPs can be distributed within the lake and all the results are reasonable. The conclusions present that correlation of all bands of Landsat 8 OLI is appropriate to water quality indices and parameters. This study suggests further researching about how remote sensing of water quality index and parameters at different depths in Dokan Lake can be detected.
Papers by Hekmat M. Ibrahim
Maǧallaẗ al-handasaẗ, Apr 1, 2023
Rainwater harvesting could be a possible solution to decrease the consequences of water scarcity ... more Rainwater harvesting could be a possible solution to decrease the consequences of water scarcity and energy deficiency in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). This study aims to calculate the water and energy (electricity) saved by rainwater harvesting for rooftops and green areas in Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq. Various data were acquired from different formal entities in Sulaimani city. Moreover, Google Earth and ArcMap 10.4 software were used for digitizing and calculating the total rooftop and green areas. The results showed that for the used runoff coefficients (0.8 and 0.95), the harvested rainwater volumes were 2901563 and 12197131 m³ during the study period (2005-2006) and (2019-2020). Moreover, by comparing the study area's rainwater harvesting volume and water production, the water-saving percentage was 8.21 to 22.68%. Furthermore, the energysaving percentage recorded was from 7.70 to 22.5% by implementing rooftop rainwater harvesting. On the other hand, using average daily rainfall data for the year (2005-2020), the total water-saving percentage and the total energy-saving rate for both runoff coefficients were very close. Water and energy-saving results were calculated using year-by-year rainfall data, taking more time and effort for its computation. Moreover, the water-saving percentage for the selected green area was not encouraging, and the results were between 0.73 and 11.15%. Additionally, the storage size for three typical buildings was calculated, and the results show the average storage size required for rainwater harvesting using daily rainfall data was 11.2 to 14.68 m³ (house), 291.42 to 422.33 m³ (school), and 10.5 to 11.41 m³ (hotel) for runoff coefficients of 0.8 and 0.95, respectively.
Simulation-Optimization Model for Dokan Reservoir System Operation
مجلة السليمانية للعلوم الهندسية, May 25, 2014
Journal of Engineering
Rainwater harvesting could be a possible solution to decrease the consequences of water scarcity ... more Rainwater harvesting could be a possible solution to decrease the consequences of water scarcity and energy deficiency in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). This study aims to calculate the water and energy (electricity) saved by rainwater harvesting for rooftops and green areas in Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq. Various data were acquired from different formal entities in Sulaimani city. Moreover, Google Earth and ArcMap 10.4 software were used for digitizing and calculating the total rooftop and green areas. The results showed that for the used runoff coefficients (0.8 and 0.95), the harvested rainwater volumes were 2901563 and 12197131 m³ during the study period (2005 – 2006) and (2019-2020). Moreover, by comparing the study area's rainwater harvesting volume and water production, the water-saving percentage was 8.21 to 22.68%. Furthermore, the energy-saving percentage recorded was from 7.70 to 22.5% by implementing rooftop rainwater harvesting. On the other hand, using a...
Improvement of the UV-protective Properties of Cotton Fabric Dyed with Polyfunctional Reactive Dye Modified from Reactive Red
Journal of textile and apparel technology and management, Apr 5, 2021
Simulation-Optimization Model for Dokan Reservoir System Operation
Water, 2021
Monitoring and managing water quality parameters (WQPs) in water bodies (e.g., lakes) on a large ... more Monitoring and managing water quality parameters (WQPs) in water bodies (e.g., lakes) on a large scale using sampling-point techniques is tedious, laborious, and not highly representative. Hyperspectral and data-driven technology have provided a potentially valuable tool for the precise measurement of WQPs. Therefore, the objective of this work was to integrate WQPs, derived spectral reflectance indices (published spectral reflectance indices (PSRIs)), newly two-band spectral reflectance indices (NSRIs-2b) and newly three-band spectral indices (NSRIs-3b), and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for estimating WQPs in Lake Qaroun. Shipboard cruises were conducted to collect surface water samples at 16 different sites throughout Lake Qaroun throughout a two-year study (2018 and 2019). Different WQPs, such as total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH4+), orthophosphate (PO43−), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), were evaluated for aquatic use. The results showed that the highest determination coe...
Many of Iraqi's high-hazard dams lack an Emergency Action Plan, which should include a flood ... more Many of Iraqi's high-hazard dams lack an Emergency Action Plan, which should include a flood inundation map to show which downstream areas would be flooded if the dams were to fail. This article presents the results of the simulation of a hypothetical 2D dam break for the 58 m high Khassa Chai dam in Kirkuk, Iraq, using HEC-RAS 2D 5.0.7 software. The Khassa Chai dam is situated 7.4 kilometers north of Kirkuk. The simulations revealed that the dam-break flood will affect eight major bridges and the majority of Kirkuk city's metropolitan neighborhoods. Within an hour, the floodwaters will reach the city's center. The flood hazard map revealed that if the Khassa Chai dam fails, many people, vehicles, and structures will be at danger. The findings of this paper can be used to identify evacuation routes and refuge sites as well as build suitable warning systems in order to limit the risk for fatalities if the Khassa Chai dam fails. Moreover, as the effect of modelling bridges...
International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 2021
The operating system of a reservoir is a significant contributor to its success in water resource... more The operating system of a reservoir is a significant contributor to its success in water resources management. For a multipurpose reservoir, an ideal operating system determines output characteristics that take account of all objectives. In this study, a new model to optimize Darbandikhan reservoir system operation in Iraq is proposed, based on a fuzzy logic controller. The aim of the new system is to maximize hydropower production while satisfying all downstream water demands. The proposal was tested on flow and other data in 324 monthly time steps, from January 1992 to December 2018, using a simulation model based on the Simulink technique of MATLAB software. Trial and error showed that membership functions of the Gaussian shape were most appropriate. For comparison purposes, Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming (DDDP), Nonlinear Programming (NLP) and Linear Programming (LP) optimization models were developed and applied to operate the reservoir. The results for turbine operation show that, relative to actual power produced, average monthly hydropower generation is increased by 32.2% (fuzzy logic), 51.4% (DDDP), 29.3% (NLP), 27.4% (LP). Although the dynamic programming method generated more hydropower, the fuzzy logic controller avoided complex optimization procedures, making it more flexible and more acceptable to operators. Moreover, the fuzzy approach provides an opportunity for reservoir operators to develop and apply more convenient operating rules, which in itself is a valuable alternative to conventional optimization techniques.
Water Quality Assessment for Dokan Lake Using Landsat 8 Oli Satellite Images
It is impractical to monitor water quality more than a small fraction of lakes by conventional fi... more It is impractical to monitor water quality more than a small fraction of lakes by conventional field methods because of expense and time requirements. High resolution satellite image is more convenient to be applied to collect the required data for monitoring and assessing water quality in the lakes. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the water quality indices and concentration of some parameters (Temperature, DO, BOD, pH, Turbidity, TSS, TDS, EC, NO3, PO4 and E. coli) through applying developed water quality estimation models based on the remote sensing and GIS techniques on the Landsat 8 OLI satellite image using twenty points in Dokan Lake, Kurdistan Region, Iraq at two different seasons. Four standard mathematical methods (NSFWQI, CCMEWQI, OWQI and AWWQI) are used to find the water quality indices at the twenty stations in Dokan Lake. Results of NSFWQI method are found as medium class for all stations except station 11, 12 and 13 which are classified as bad class for Spring season. The second method (CCMEWQI), all stations are classified as good for Autumn Season except station 1 and 2 as marginal and 16 as fair. In third method (OWQI) are classified as good for all stations except station 1 and 8 which classified as fair. However, it has shown very poor for Spring season. Finally, in the fourth method (AWWQI), all stations are classified as poor except station 15 and 19 which classified as very poor while station 16 is classified as unsuitable for drinking. The Secchi Disk Transparency (SDT) and the Trophic State Index (TSI) was come up with high variance for all stations. Multiple linear regression is used to obtain mathematical models for estimating the water quality indices and concentration of some parameters depending on spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 OLI. In this study, new band (coastal blue) of Landsat 8 OLI has been undertaken in developing of models. Moreover, new Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and new 7 band ratios with 16 band combinations have been used. The best model is the AWWQI which has the highest coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.993 for Autumn season and slightly low (0.612) for Spring season. The highest determination coefficient for SDT and TSI is 0.982 and 0.873 for Autumn Season and (0.951, 0.973) for Spring season respectively. However, high R2 of 0.982, 0.982, 0.832 for TSS, Turbidity and DO are resulted respectively. Generally, for Spring season, the performance of all models is reduced due to seasonal change, variance of parameters and other factors. However, high R2 of 0.862 has been shown for Temperature. Once the developed models applied in order to have maps with a variation of colors. This facilitates to predict how the results of WQPs can be distributed within the lake and all the results are reasonable. The conclusions present that correlation of all bands of Landsat 8 OLI is appropriate to water quality indices and parameters. This study suggests further researching about how remote sensing of water quality index and parameters at different depths in Dokan Lake can be detected.
The Journal of Engineering, 2017
It is impractical to monitor lakes water quality by conventional field methods because of expense... more It is impractical to monitor lakes water quality by conventional field methods because of expense and time consuming. Satellite image is more convenient to be used to collect the required data for monitoring and assessing lakes water quality. This study aims to develop a water clarity estimation model based on remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate and assess the water clarity within Dokan Lake in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Twenty points in the lake were selected and studied at autumn and spring seasons. For assessing water clarity, the Secchi Disk Transparency (SDT) and the Trophic State Index (TSI) were used at these twenty stations in the lake. Multiple linear regression is used to obtain mathematical models for estimating the water clarity depending on spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 OLI. In this study, the new band (coastal blue) of Landsat 8 OLI has been undertaken in developing of the monitoring models. Moreover, new Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and new 7 band...
Water Quality Assessment Models for Dokan Lake Using Landsat 8 OLI Satellite Images
Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A, 2016
In this research, a multilayer perceptron neural network model with multiactivation function call... more In this research, a multilayer perceptron neural network model with multiactivation function called (MLP-MAF) model has been developed for municipal water demand forecasting. The developed model uses different activation functions in the hidden layer neurons. Different combinations of the linear, logistic, tangent hyperbolic, exponential, sine and cosine activation functions were used in the hidden layer neurons. In order to assess the credibility of developed model results, the model was run over the available data which include the time series of daily and monthly municipal water consumption for fourteen years (1/1/1992 31/12/2004) of Tampa city, USA. Each time series was divided into two subsets: the estimate subset for fitting the model and the holdout subset for evaluating the forecasting ability of the model. Additionally, three statistical measurements, namely the coefficient of determination (R), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) an...
In this research, a hybrid model has been developed for municipal water demand forecasting based ... more In this research, a hybrid model has been developed for municipal water demand forecasting based on the wavelet and artificial neural network methods. The developed model combines the discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) with multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) called Wavelet-ANN. In order to assess the credibility of developed model results, the model was run over the available data which include the time series of daily and monthly municipal water consumption for fourteen years (1/1/1992 - 31/12/2004) of Tampa city, USA. In the developed model, the Daubechies wavelet function with different orders and levels of resolution were used in the decomposing process of time series. The approximation and each detail of the decomposed water consumption time series were modeled using the MLP neural network. It is quite clear from the results obtained from both daily and monthly forecasting models for municipal water consumption time series considered in this research that the hybrid Wave...
Fuzzy Logic Model for Optimal Operation of Darbandikhan Reservoir, Iraq
International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics
The Journal of The University of Duhok, Jul 20, 2017
The precise and accurate models of hydrological time series that are embedded with high complexit... more The precise and accurate models of hydrological time series that are embedded with high complexity, nonstationarity, and non-linearity in both spatial and temporal scales can provide important information for decision-making in water resources management and environmental related issues. Hybrid wavelet transform (WT) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been used in this study to improve the forecasting capability of ANFIS model by decomposing the time series into sub-time series (approximation and details) using wavelet transform then combining the effective and significant time lags of sub-time series to form a set of input variables. The present study attempts to add the effective and significant time lags of original time series as extra variables to the input variables set. In addition, different combinations of variables, 1-3, from the set of input variables as inputs to the ANFIS model were used to forecast the time series. To examine the potential of the approach for practical applications, the model is applied to forecast, one step-ahead, the monthly data of hydrological time series (rainfall, evaporation, minimum and maximum temperature, average wind speed and reservoir inflow) for Kirkuk, Sulaimani, Dokan and Darbandikhan meteorological stations in Iraq. The best fit models were selected using the coefficient of determination () and root mean square error (). Based on the results, the proposed model has high performance in forecasting the monthly minimum and maximum temperature, evaporation and reservoir inflow with values ranged from 0.93 to 0.99 and relatively good performances in forecasting the monthly rainfall and average wind speed with values ranged from 0.77 to 0.93.
Prediction of Darbandikhan Reservoir Inflow Using ANFIS Models
Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A, Jan 9, 2017
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Thesis Chapters by Hekmat M. Ibrahim
Four standard mathematical methods (NSFWQI, CCMEWQI, OWQI and AWWQI) are used to find the water quality indices at the twenty stations in Dokan Lake. Results of NSFWQI method are found as medium class for all stations except station 11, 12 and 13 which are classified as bad class for Spring season. The second method (CCMEWQI), all stations are classified as good for Autumn Season except station 1 and 2 as marginal and 16 as fair. In third method (OWQI) are classified as good for all stations except station 1 and 8 which classified as fair. However, it has shown very poor for Spring season. Finally, in the fourth method (AWWQI), all stations are classified as poor except station 15 and 19 which classified as very poor while station 16 is classified as unsuitable for drinking. The Secchi Disk Transparency (SDT) and the Trophic State Index (TSI) was come up with high variance for all stations. Multiple linear regression is used to obtain mathematical models for estimating the water quality indices and concentration of some parameters depending on spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 OLI.
In this study, new band (coastal blue) of Landsat 8 OLI has been undertaken in developing of models. Moreover, new Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and new 7 band ratios with 16 band combinations have been used. The best model is the AWWQI which has the highest coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.993 for Autumn season and slightly low (0.612) for Spring season. The highest determination coefficient for SDT and TSI is 0.982 and 0.873 for Autumn Season and (0.951, 0.973) for Spring season respectively. However, high R2 of 0.982, 0.982, 0.832 for TSS, Turbidity and DO are resulted respectively. Generally, for Spring season, the performance of all models is reduced due to seasonal change, variance of parameters and other factors. However, high R2 of 0.862 has been shown for Temperature.
Once the developed models applied in order to have maps with a variation of colors. This facilitates to predict how the results of WQPs can be distributed within the lake and all the results are reasonable. The conclusions present that correlation of all bands of Landsat 8 OLI is appropriate to water quality indices and parameters. This study suggests further researching about how remote sensing of water quality index and parameters at different depths in Dokan Lake can be detected.
Papers by Hekmat M. Ibrahim