Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research, 2021
Se determinó la diversidad y estructura de la vegetación arbórea con DAP ≥ 10 cm, en la Estación ... more Se determinó la diversidad y estructura de la vegetación arbórea con DAP ≥ 10 cm, en la Estación de Monitoreo de Biodiversidad, ubicada en el Centro de Investigaciones Amazónicas Cesar Augusto Estrada González - MACAGUAL, Florencia-Caquetá. Su vegetación corresponde a un bosque secundario, sobre el paisaje de lomerío. El área de la parcela es de una (1) hectárea de 20x500 m. Se censaron los individuos en las subparcelas de 20x20 m, siguiendo los parámetros para el establecimiento de parcelas permanentes. Se evaluó la diversidad verdadera de orden 0, 1 y 2 (q=0, q=1 y q=2), así como la estructura vertical y horizontal. Se censaron 569 árboles, 29 palmas y 4 arbustos, para un total de 602 individuos representados por 145 especies. La parcela cuenta con dos coberturas en diferentes estados sucesionales y una zona de transición (TN): 1) Bosque Intervenido (BI) con 16 años de recuperación, presenta mayor diversidad y estructura heterogénea, predominada por especies esciófitas; y 2) Rastr...
Floristic composition of vascular plants and their distribution is reported for growth habits in ... more Floristic composition of vascular plants and their distribution is reported for growth habits in a low montane rain forest (2600 m and 2500 mm/yr mean annual precipitation) in the northern Andes, based on a plot of 1 ha. The samples collected represented 318 species/morphospecies, 82 families (nine of which were pteridophytes) and 173 genera. 78% of the samples were identified to species. Groups with most species are pteridophytes (sensu lato), Orchidaceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae and Piperaceae, that represented 44% of all species recorded. The most diverse genera are Peperomia, Elaphoglossum, Mikania, Anthurium, and Miconia.
Immigration Policy as Health Policy Women's Voices and Intimate Partner Violence
Background. Intimate Partner Violence is a serious public health issue. The lack of legal immigra... more Background. Intimate Partner Violence is a serious public health issue. The lack of legal immigration status is often used as a tool of power and control in intimate partner violence against women. Legislation and social policies at the federal level such as the U.S. Violence Against Women Act (VAWA 2000) and the Victim of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act (TVPRA) provide support for vulnerable immigrant women who might lack legal documentation and are victims of intimate partner violence. VAWA and TVPRA created the U-Visa, a special nonimmigrant visa for people who have been victims of certain crimes, including domestic violence. It is designed to provide lawful immigration status to noncitizen crime victims who are willing to assist authorities in investigating crimes. Methods.Using principles of community-based participatory research involving collaboration between community leaders, community-based including faith-based organizations and researchers, we conducted a qualita...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022
Significance Tree diversity is fundamental for forest ecosystem stability and services. However, ... more Significance Tree diversity is fundamental for forest ecosystem stability and services. However, because of limited available data, estimates of tree diversity at large geographic domains still rely heavily on published lists of species descriptions that are geographically uneven in coverage. These limitations have precluded efforts to generate a global perspective. Here, based on a ground-sourced global database, we estimate the number of tree species at biome, continental, and global scales. We estimated a global tree richness (≈73,300) that is ≈14% higher than numbers known today, with most undiscovered species being rare, continentally endemic, and tropical or subtropical. These results highlight the vulnerability of global tree species diversity to anthropogenic changes.
For monitoring and reporting forest carbon stocks and fluxes, many countries in the tropics and s... more For monitoring and reporting forest carbon stocks and fluxes, many countries in the tropics and subtropics rely on default values of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories. Default IPCC forest AGB values originated from 2006, and are relatively crude estimates of average values per continent and ecological zone. The 2006 default values were based on limited plot data available at the time, methods for their derivation were not fully clear, and no distinction between successional stages was made. As part of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories, we updated the default AGB values for tropical and subtropical forests based on AGB data from >25 000 plots in natural forests and a global AGB map where no plot data were available. We calculated refined AGB default values per continent, ecological zone, and successional stage, and provided a measure o...
After more than 50-years of armed conflict, Colombia is now transitioning to a more stable social... more After more than 50-years of armed conflict, Colombia is now transitioning to a more stable social and political climate due to a series of peace agreements between the government and different armed groups. Consequences of these socioeconomic and political changes on ecosystems are largely uncertain, but there is growing concern about derived increases in environmental degradation. Here, we review the capacity of Colombia to monitor the state of its ecosystems and their rate of change over time. We found several important programs currently set in place by different institutions as well as by independent groups of scientists that address different aspects of environmental monitoring. However, most of the current initiatives could be improved in terms of data coverage, quality and access, and could be better articulated among each other. We propose a set of activities that would increase the capacity of Colombia to monitor its ecosystems, provide useful information to policy makers, and facilitate scientific research. These include: 1) the establishment of a national center for ecological synthesis that focuses on analyzing existing information; 2) the establishment of an ecological observatory system that collects new information, integrates remote sensing products, and produces near real-time products on key ecological variables; and 3) the creation of new platforms for dialog and action within existing scientific and policy groups.
Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries a... more Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable ...
The Amazon Basin has experienced more variable climate over the last decade, with a severe and wi... more The Amazon Basin has experienced more variable climate over the last decade, with a severe and widespread drought in 2005 causing large basin‐wide losses of biomass. A drought of similar climatological magnitude occurred again in 2010; however, there has been no basin‐wide ground‐based evaluation of effects on vegetation. We examine to what extent the 2010 drought affected forest dynamics using ground‐based observations of mortality and growth from an extensive forest plot network. We find that during the 2010 drought interval, forests did not gain biomass (net change: −0.43 Mg ha−1, confidence interval (CI): −1.11, 0.19, n = 97), regardless of whether forests experienced precipitation deficit anomalies. This contrasted with a long‐term biomass sink during the baseline pre‐2010 drought period (1998 to pre‐2010) of 1.33 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI: 0.90, 1.74, p < 0.01). The resulting net impact of the 2010 drought (i.e., reversal of the baseline net sink) was −1.95 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (CI:−2.77, −...
Within the tropics, the species richness of tree communities is strongly and positively associate... more Within the tropics, the species richness of tree communities is strongly and positively associated with precipitation. Previous research has suggested that this macroecological pattern is driven by the negative effect of water‐stress on the physiological processes of most tree species. This implies that the range limits of taxa are defined by their ability to occur under dry conditions, and thus in terms of species distributions predicts a nested pattern of taxa distribution from wet to dry areas. However, this ‘dry‐tolerance’ hypothesis has yet to be adequately tested at large spatial and taxonomic scales. Here, using a dataset of 531 inventory plots of closed canopy forest distributed across the western Neotropics we investigated how precipitation, evaluated both as mean annual precipitation and as the maximum climatological water deficit, influences the distribution of tropical tree species, genera and families. We find that the distributions of tree taxa are indeed nested along ...
Understanding the processes that determine above‐ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is imp... more Understanding the processes that determine above‐ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. ...
Aim We used abiotic and biotic factors as predictors of the proportions of different dispersal sy... more Aim We used abiotic and biotic factors as predictors of the proportions of different dispersal systems in Neotropical forests, to test whether the geographical patterns in dispersal systems are mostly related to the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits or to the availability of dispersal agents. Location 101 one-hectare vegetation plots established in eight Holdridge lifezones in Colombian Neotropical forests. Methods We assigned dispersal systems to 2262 species and 1210 morphospecies, using the relative frequency and relative abundance of endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory per plot as response variables. We assessed the relationships between dispersal systems and ecological factors (elevation, climatic and edaphic variables, raw and weighted richness of potential frugivores, biomass of primates, wind speed, flooding regime and fragmentation), controlling for spatial autocorrelation and phylogenetic constraints. Results Endozoochory was highly represented in all plots. High levels of rainfall and low precipitation seasonality were associated with high proportions of zoochory (endozoochory and synzoochory) and low proportions of anemochory. The biomass of primates was positively associated with the relative abundance of endozoochory, and the weighted richness of frugivores was positively associated with the relative frequency of endozoochory. Contrary to the resource-availability hypothesis, synzoochory (the most expensive dispersal system in terms of plant investment in fruit mass) was most common in soils with low carbon densities. Finally, the proportions of anemochory and hydrochory were highest in windy areas and flooded forests, respectively. Main conclusions Although there is a relationship between rainfall, zoochory and anemochory, the absence of any positive relationships between zoochory, temperature, soil total nitrogen density and soil carbon density shows that the proportions of dispersal systems in Colombian Neotropical forests are mostly related to the availability of dispersal agents.
Forest structure and dynamics have been noted to vary across the Amazon Basin in an east-west gra... more Forest structure and dynamics have been noted to vary across the Amazon Basin in an east-west gradient in a pattern which coincides with variations in soil fertility and geology. This has resulted in the hypothesis that soil fertility may play an important role in explaining Basin-wide variations in forest biomass, growth and stem turnover rates. To test this hypothesis and assess the importance of edaphic properties in affect forest structure and dynamics, soil and plant samples were collected in a total of 59 different forest plots across the Amazon Basin. Samples were analysed for exchangeable cations, C, N, pH with various P fractions also determined. Physical properties were also examined and an index of soil physical quality developed. Overall, forest structure and dynamics were found to be strongly and quantitatively related to edaphic conditions. Tree turnover rates emerged to be mostly influenced by soil physical properties whereas forest growth rates were mainly related to a measure of available soil phosphorus, although also dependent on rainfall amount and distribution. On the other hand, large scale variations in forest biomass could not be explained by any of the edaphic properties measured, nor by variation in climate. A new hypothesis of self-maintaining forest dynamic feedback mechanisms initiated by edaphic conditions is proposed. It is further suggested that this is a major factor determining forest disturbance levels, species composition and forest productivity on a Basin wide scale.
Por qué implementar estudios de largo plazo en el bosque seco tropical del Caribe colombiano
Los ecosistemas secos ocupan casi la mitad del area total de franja tropical y estan entre los ma... more Los ecosistemas secos ocupan casi la mitad del area total de franja tropical y estan entre los mas amenazados por las actividades humanas a escala global. El reconocimiento creciente de la importancia de conservar los pocos remanentes que quedan y de iniciar actividades de restauracion, resalta la importancia de establecer programas de monitoreo del bosque seco. En 2001 se inicio el establecimiento de parcelas permanentes de monitoreo del bosque seco Caribe, con el apoyo de instituciones nacionales e internacionales; a la fecha existen 11 ampliamente distribuidas en algunos de los remanentes de bosque seco mas importantesnde la costa Caribe. Los resultados provenientes de la red incluyen el contenido de carbono y la diversidad del bosque en relacionncon variables climaticas, tasas de fijacion de carbono y dinamica de poblaciones de especies importantes para la restauracion. No obstante, la falta de apoyo institucional a nivel nacional y regional, con algunas excepciones importantes,...
El doble personaje del planeta Venus en las religiones indígenas del Gran Nayar: mitología, ritua... more El doble personaje del planeta Venus en las religiones indígenas del Gran Nayar: mitología, ritual agrícola y sacrificio Página 1 de 21 http://jsa.revues.org/index512.html#text Journal de la société des américanistes 2004, 90-1 Articles El doble personaje del planeta Venus en las religiones indígenas del Gran Nayar: mitología, ritual agrícola y sacrificio JOHANNES NEURATH p. 93-118 Résumés Le double personnage de la planète Vénus dans les religions indigènes du Grand Nayar : mythologie, rituels agricoles et sacrifice. L'étude des religions indigènes dans la région du Grand Nayar (dans l'ouest du Mexique) offre des pistes intéressantes pour l'analyse de l'ancien rituel mésoaméricain concernant la planète Vénus. Chez les Cora et, dans une moindre mesure, chez les Huichol et les Nahua, les personnages mythiques associés à l'étoile du matin et à celle du soir conservent une certaine vigueur qui n'est pas seulement circonstancielle ; en effet, les transformations cycliques de la planète Vénus corroborent un paradigme culturel de grande envergure et, plus particulièrement, la manière de concevoir la relation entre des aspects opposés d'un même dieu astral permet de mieux comprendre toute une série de pratiques et de croyances religieuses, comme les rites agricoles et propitiatoires de la pluie, la chasse rituelle du cerf et le sacrifice.
LA IMPORTANCIA DEL CONCEPTO DE PROPIEDAD EN LA TEORIZACIÓN DE LA JUSTICIABILIDAD DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS, 2023
El ser humano se desenvuelve en el mundo físico a través de sus sentidos y es capaz de comprender... more El ser humano se desenvuelve en el mundo físico a través de sus sentidos y es capaz de comprender otros sistemas iguales a él atreves de la interacción psíquica y una dimensión simbólica que permite dar sentido a la vida social. De esta manera el individuo interactúa con la sociedad en la medida que es capaz de comprenderla atreves de su psique y en la capacidad que sus sentidos y habilidades físicas le permita. Los Derechos Humanos son instrumentos que vuelven exigibles los minimos basicos para desarrollar una vida digna, La protección a una vida digna, se construye como un patrimonio, un cúmulo de derechos soportados por los pilares fundamentales de la sociedad los cuales suceden en una propiedad o por la utilizacion de la misma. Estos derechos están relacionados con aspectos materiales, como el empleo los ingresos, los costes extraordinarios, las deudas, los bienes en propiedad, el consumo y la vivienda. También están vinculados con los servicios que las personas reciben con respecto a la educación, la salud la rehabilitación y la inclusión social que a su vez garantizan expanden o inhiben aspectos sociales y psicológicos, como la autoestima, el contacto social, el poder, la autoridad, el estigma social, todos estos elementos con un carácter transversal que es la accesibilidad Existe pobreza en el mundo, y esa gente no es capaz de captar el capital que le garantize aquello que los derechos humanos velan. Sin la propiedad privada se excluye el derecho a la educación y el empleo formal, se tiene un contacto social limitado bajas expectativas por parte de la comunidad y de uno mismo además por lo tanto se menoscaba la capacidad de participación en los procesos políticos y legales Propiedad, en el fondo, hace referencia a la economía; y la economía tiene que ver con todo un sistema funcional de generación, distribución y consumo de bienes y servicios. El dinero, simbólicamente representa un valor intercambiable a voluntad o por necesidad por aquello que, en su momento, necesite su poseedor. La propiedad liga la libertad del sujeto con la disponibilidad de la misma. Hegel, en su libro “La fenomenología del espíritu”, habla de la propiedad privada como el medio a través del cual la libertad se materializa. Ahora, toda propiedad privada es susceptible
LA IMPORTANCIA DEL CONCEPTO DE PROPIEDAD EN LA TEORIZACIÓN DE LA JUSTICIABILIDAD DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS, 2023
a) Definir una unidad de análisis de los derechos sociales y establecer su función en términos de... more a) Definir una unidad de análisis de los derechos sociales y establecer su función en términos de sociales; y b) trasladar dicho concepto a la operatividad de la justicia constitucional en la protección de los derechos humanos en general.
The production of aboveground soft tissue represents an important share of total net primary prod... more The production of aboveground soft tissue represents an important share of total net primary production in tropical rain forests. Here we draw from a large number of published and unpublished datasets (n=81 sites) to assess the determinants of litterfall variation across South American tropical forests. We show that across old-growth tropical rainforests, litterfall averages 8.61±1.91 Mg/ha/yr. Secondary forests have a lower annual litterfall than old-growth tropical forests with a mean of 8.01±3.41 Mg/ha/yr. Annual litterfall shows no significant variation with total annual rainfall, either globally or within forest types. It does not vary consistently with soil type, except in the poorest soils (white sand soils), where litterfall is significantly lower than in other soil types (5.42±1.91 Mg/ha/yr). Litterfall declines significantly with increasing N:P. We also study the determinants of litterfall seasonality, and find that it does not depend on annual rainfall or on soil type. However, litterfall seasonality is significantly positively correlated with rainfall seasonality. Finally, we assess how much carbon is stored in reproductive organs relative to photosynthetic organs. Mean leaf fall is 5.74±1.83 Mg/ha/yr (71% of total litterfall). Mean allocation into reproductive organs is 0.69±0.40 Mg/ha/yr (9% of total litterfall). The investment into reproductive organs divided by leaf litterfall is negatively related to the N:P ratio, suggesting that on poor soils, the allocation to photosynthetic organs is prioritized over that to reproduction. Finally, we discuss the ecological and biogeochemical implications of these results.
La influencia del Capital en los Derechos Humanos, los limites reales y naturales en la acción pa... more La influencia del Capital en los Derechos Humanos, los limites reales y naturales en la acción participativa para la garantizacion de los derechos humanos. Los derechos y obligaciones de las instituciones que proclaman los derechos humanos y su relación con el capital privado. Capital humano, publico y privado su función en un Estado Neoconstitucionalista, su subordinación al factor social como finalidad, al individual como iniciativo y al Nacional como medio para garantizar. Subtema o preguntas a resolver-el ambiente de la personas morales en los derechos humanos-la economia como representante del poder en un sistema capitalista, y la traduccion de ese poder en derechos humanos, su reciprocidad y su diferencia polarizada historicamente • la política como interprete de la voluntad del pueblo su influencia en el empoderamiento de los derechos humanos • existe alguna institución que garantice y proteja los derechos humanos en su totalidad, tanto territorial, en sus diferentes aspectos materiales y en su formas de aplicacion. • Que factores reales de poder se desenvuelven en un Estado • Cual es el papel del capital para garantizar los derechos humanos y cual es su función en una nación democrática, representativa, capitalista y neoconstitucionalista • cuales son los elementos necesarios para la representación plena de los intereses del capital • como queda establecida la jerarquía en el Estado de sus diversos sistemas integrantes que le dan vida, personalidad y subsistencia Economía, Democracia, Autoridad, Normativa, Multiculturalismo • hasta que grado puede inferir un sistema integrante del Estado en la soberanía del otro
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Papers by Esteban Davila
Los Derechos Humanos son instrumentos que vuelven exigibles los minimos basicos para desarrollar una vida digna,
La protección a una vida digna, se construye como un patrimonio, un cúmulo de derechos soportados por los pilares fundamentales de la sociedad los cuales suceden en una propiedad o por la utilizacion de la misma. Estos derechos están relacionados con aspectos materiales, como el empleo los ingresos, los costes extraordinarios, las deudas, los bienes en propiedad, el consumo y la vivienda. También están vinculados con los servicios que las personas reciben con respecto a la educación, la salud la rehabilitación y la inclusión social que a su vez garantizan expanden o inhiben aspectos sociales y psicológicos, como la autoestima, el contacto social, el poder, la autoridad, el estigma social, todos estos elementos con un carácter transversal que es la accesibilidad
Existe pobreza en el mundo, y esa gente no es capaz de captar el capital que le garantize aquello que los derechos humanos velan. Sin la propiedad privada se excluye el derecho a la educación y el empleo formal, se tiene un contacto social limitado bajas expectativas por parte de la comunidad y de uno mismo además por lo tanto se menoscaba la capacidad de participación en los procesos políticos y legales
Propiedad, en el fondo, hace referencia a la economía; y la economía tiene que ver con todo un sistema funcional de generación, distribución y consumo de bienes y servicios. El dinero, simbólicamente representa un valor intercambiable a voluntad o por necesidad por aquello que, en su momento, necesite su poseedor. La propiedad liga la libertad del sujeto con la disponibilidad de la misma.
Hegel, en su libro “La fenomenología del espíritu”, habla de la propiedad privada como el medio a través del cual la libertad se materializa. Ahora, toda propiedad privada es susceptible