Arvid Kappas

Predicting Engagement Breakdown in HRI Using Thin-Slices of Facial Expressions

National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Jun 20, 2018

Visual emotions – emotional visuals: Emotions, pathos formulae, and their relevance for communication research

Les promesses et limites de I'étude de I'émotion en laboratoire

Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra eBooks, 2004

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Oh no, my instructions were wrong!" An Exploratory Pilot Towards Children’s Trust in Social Robots

Whilst there has been growing interest in the use of social robots in educational settings, the m... more Whilst there has been growing interest in the use of social robots in educational settings, the majority of this research focuses on learning outcomes, with less emphasis on the social processes surrounding these interactions. One such understudied factor is children’s trust in the robot as a teacher. Trust is a relevant domain in that if and how children trust a robot could influence their subsequent learning outcomes. The extent to which the robot’s behaviour (including making errors) influences trust is yet to be fully explored. Consequently, the goal of this research is to determine the role of trust in children’s learning from social robots. We report a pilot study investigating the conceptualisation and measurement of chil-dren’s trust in robots. 33 children aged between 4-9 completed a computational thinking learning task with a NAO robot at a Science Festival. Observations of the interactions in terms of developing tasks and measurements for child robot interaction are discussed. The findings tentatively suggest children’s trust in the robot can be divided into two parts: social affiliation towards the robot, and perceived competence/reliability of the robot.

A Robot by Any Other Frame

Mind perception in robots has been an understudied construct in human-robot interaction (HRI) com... more Mind perception in robots has been an understudied construct in human-robot interaction (HRI) compared to similar concepts such as anthropomorphism and the intentional stance. In a series of three experiments, we identify two factors that could potentially influence mind perception and moral concern in robots: how the robot is introduced (framing), and how the robot acts (social behaviour). In the first two online experiments, we show that both framing and behaviour independently influence participants' mind perception. However, when we combined both variables in the following real-world experiment, these effects failed to replicate. We hence identify a third factor post-hoc: the online versus real-world nature of the interactions. After analysing potential confounds, we tentatively suggest that mind perception is harder to influence in real-world experiments, as manipulations are harder to isolate compared to virtual experiments, which only provide a slice of the interaction. CCS CONCEPTS • Computer systems organization → Robotics; • Human-centered computing → User studies; HCI theory, concepts and models; Empirical studies in HCI ; Collaborative interaction.

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CozmoNAOts: Designing an Autonomous Learning Task with Social and Educational Robots

Interaction Design and Children, Jun 24, 2021

Learning tasks designed with social or educational robots are becoming increasingly commonplace, ... more Learning tasks designed with social or educational robots are becoming increasingly commonplace, with emerging methodologies being proposed regarding the design of interaction patterns for child-robot-interaction (cHRI). Yet, technological limitations remain a strong barrier to the implementation of fully autonomous robot tutoring systems. In addition, there is currently no research on how social and educational robots might be combined when designing learning tasks. Consequently, in this paper we describe the design and pilot testing of a (semi) autonomous learning task designed with a social robot (NAO) and educational robot (Cozmo) targeted at children’s computational thinking skills. Preliminary data from a pilot phase with 53 children is promising, and results are discussed with regards to identified challenges. Several solutions are proposed in the context of designing interactions for cHRI.

Control of emotion

His master's voice: Acoustic analysis of spontaneous vocalizations in an ongoing active coping task

PsycEXTRA Dataset, 1997

A Robot by Any Other Frame: Framing and Behaviour Influence Mind Perception in Virtual but not Real-World Environments

arXiv (Cornell University), Apr 16, 2020

Mind perception in robots has been an understudied construct in human-robot interaction (HRI) com... more Mind perception in robots has been an understudied construct in human-robot interaction (HRI) compared to similar concepts such as anthropomorphism and the intentional stance. In a series of three experiments, we identify two factors that could potentially influence mind perception and moral concern in robots: how the robot is introduced (framing), and how the robot acts (social behaviour). In the first two online experiments, we show that both framing and behaviour independently influence participants' mind perception. However, when we combined both variables in the following real-world experiment, these effects failed to replicate. We hence identify a third factor post-hoc: the online versus real-world nature of the interactions. After analysing potential confounds, we tentatively suggest that mind perception is harder to influence in real-world experiments, as manipulations are harder to isolate compared to virtual experiments, which only provide a slice of the interaction. CCS CONCEPTS • Computer systems organization → Robotics; • Human-centered computing → User studies; HCI theory, concepts and models; Empirical studies in HCI ; Collaborative interaction.

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Oh no, my instructions were wrong!" An Exploratory Pilot Towards Children’s Trust in Social Robots

2020 29th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), 2020

Whilst there has been growing interest in the use of social robots in educational settings, the m... more Whilst there has been growing interest in the use of social robots in educational settings, the majority of this research focuses on learning outcomes, with less emphasis on the social processes surrounding these interactions. One such understudied factor is children’s trust in the robot as a teacher. Trust is a relevant domain in that if and how children trust a robot could influence their subsequent learning outcomes. The extent to which the robot’s behaviour (including making errors) influences trust is yet to be fully explored. Consequently, the goal of this research is to determine the role of trust in children’s learning from social robots. We report a pilot study investigating the conceptualisation and measurement of chil-dren’s trust in robots. 33 children aged between 4-9 completed a computational thinking learning task with a NAO robot at a Science Festival. Observations of the interactions in terms of developing tasks and measurements for child robot interaction are discussed. The findings tentatively suggest children’s trust in the robot can be divided into two parts: social affiliation towards the robot, and perceived competence/reliability of the robot.

Temporal Taylor’s scaling of facial electromyography and electrodermal activity in the course of emotional stimulation

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2016

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I know how that feels — An empathic robot tutor

eChallenges e-2015 Conference, 2015

This paper discusses the design and implementation of an Empathic Robot Tutor, applied to topics ... more This paper discusses the design and implementation of an Empathic Robot Tutor, applied to topics in the school Geography curriculum, and using a multi-touch table. It explains the motivation and objectives, introduces the two application domains, Mapskills and Enercities2, and describes the technology that has been developed. It discusses a study using Mapskills on the impact of embodiment on their learning, and results arising from this.

18 Visual emotionsemotional visuals

… Handbook of Emotions and Mass Media, 2010

Emotions and visuals entertain a complex relationship. Emotions in other human beings are mainly ... more

The Affective Computing Approach to Affect Measurement

Emotion Review, 2017

Affective computing (AC) adopts a computational approach to study affect. We highlight the AC app... more Affective computing (AC) adopts a computational approach to study affect. We highlight the AC approach towards automated affect measures that jointly model machine-readable physiological/behavioral signals with affect estimates as reported by humans or experimentally elicited. We describe the conceptual and computational foundations of the approach followed by two case studies: one on discrimination between genuine and faked expressions of pain in the lab, and the second on measuring nonbasic affect in the wild. We discuss applications of the measures, analyze measurement accuracy and generalizability, and highlight advances afforded by computational tipping points, such as big data, wearable sensing, crowdsourcing, and deep learning. We conclude by advocating for increasing synergies between AC and affective science and offer suggestions toward that direction.

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Norm Violation Vignette Paradigm

PsycTESTS Dataset, 2018

Behavioral and Physiological Responses to Computers in the Ultimatum Game

IGI Global eBooks, Oct 7, 2022

Thisarticledescribeshowstudiesintheareaofdecision-makingsuggestcleardifferencesinbehavioral respo... more Thisarticledescribeshowstudiesintheareaofdecision-makingsuggestcleardifferencesinbehavioral responsestohumansversuscomputers.Thecurrentobjectivewastoinvestigatedecision-makingin aneconomicgameplayedonlywithcomputerpartners.InExperiment1,participantswereengagedin theultimatumgamewithcomputeragentsandregularcomputerswhiletheirphysiologicalresponses wererecorded.InExperiment2,anidenticalsetupofthegamewasused,buttheethnicityofthe computeragentswasmanipulated.Asexpected,almostallequitablemonetarysplitsofferedbythe computerwereaccepted.Theacceptanceratesgraduallydecreasedwhenthesplitsbecamelessfair. Althoughtheobtainedbehavioralpatternimpliedareactiontoviolationoftheruleoffairnessbythe computerinthegame,noevidencewasfoundforparticipants'correspondingemotionalinvolvement. Thefindingscontributetothebodyofresearchonhuman-computerinteractionandsuggestthatsocial effectsofcomputerscanbeattenuated.

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More what Duchenne smiles do, less what they express

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Social neuroscience is more than the study of the human brain: The legacy of John Cacioppo

Social Neuroscience, 2021

ABSTRACT John Cacioppo passed away in 2018, leaving a legacy of profound methodological, theoreti... more ABSTRACT John Cacioppo passed away in 2018, leaving a legacy of profound methodological, theoretical, and inferential contributions to social neuroscience. This paper serves as an introduction to the nine articles that comprise this special issue in honor of John Cacioppo’s work in social neuroscience. Although he made many contributions to psychology, here we briefly review four milestones in Cacioppo’s career that had important implications specifically for the development of social neuroscience today: (1) an early research focus on cardiovascular and facial EMG measurement, (2) the training of others, (3) the importance of sound inference, and (4) the definition of social neuroscience. In sum, we argue that John Cacioppo envisioned social neuroscience as having multiple levels of explanation and requiring multiple kinds of physiological evidence. It is not all just the brain!

Interaction of stereotypical trustworthiness, facial resemblance, and group membership in the perception of trustworthiness and other traits

Journal of Trust Research, 2018

Trust begins with our first impression of others. But which matters most in forming the first imp... more Trust begins with our first impression of others. But which matters most in forming the first impression that others possess stereotypically trustworthy facial features, that they look like us, or that they belong to our social group? This study explored the interaction among stereotypical trustworthiness, kinship (based on facial resemblance), and group membership (using arbitrary groups) in the formation of first impressions. Each participant rated 48 stimuli varying in stereotypical trustworthiness (trustworthy vs. untrustworthy), facial resemblance (self vs. other), and group membership (ingroup vs. outgroup) on three traits (trustworthiness, competence, and attractiveness). We observed unique interaction patterns for each of the three traits and we speculate that there is a match between the primacy of the information and the primacy of the evaluated dimension that influences the formation of first impressions. In addition, we propose that group membership may drive first impressions in the absence of kinship information. Our integrative approach brings us closer to understanding the formation of first impressions, and thus trustworthiness and trust, in real-life situations. Our findings outline stimulating directions for further research.

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“Danger, Will Robinson!” The challenges of social robots for intergroup relations

Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2019

Society's increasing reliance on robots in everyday life provides exciting opportunities for ... more Society's increasing reliance on robots in everyday life provides exciting opportunities for social psychologists to work with engineers in the nascent field of social robotics. In contrast to industrial robots that, for example, may be used on an assembly line, social robots are designed specifically to interact with humans and/or other robots. People tend to perceive social robots as autonomous and capable of having a mind. As such, they are also more likely to be subject to social categorization by humans. As social robots become more human like, people may also feel greater empathy for them and treat robots more like (human) ingroup members. On the other hand, as they become more human like, robots also challenge our human distinctiveness, threaten our identity, and elicit suspicion about their ability to deceive us with their human‐like qualities. We review relevant research to explore this apparent paradox, particularly from an intergroup relations perspective. We discuss ...

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