Papers by Alexandra Kruse
Tájökológiai Lapok
The COST RELY Glossary on Renewable Energy and Landscape Quality is the result of the European CO... more The COST RELY Glossary on Renewable Energy and Landscape Quality is the result of the European COST RELY project that focused on investigating the influence of renewable energy production on landscape quality. 31 people participated in developing and revising the definitions and descriptions for the 46 terms included in the glossary. Work was done in the period from 2015 to 2017 in multiple rounds of revision done by the RELY experts. Terms in the glossary are clustered into three groups: first group terms are directly connected to the landscape and its characteristics, the second one touches the planning process and methods, and the last one covers different renewable energy sources and production types. Each entry to the glossary consists of six elements: the term, definition, related terms, keywords, illustration(s) and sources. The terms are based on the expert knowledge of the contributors, scientific literature (monographs and articles), EU regulation, relevant web pages and o...
Part II: European agricultural landscape history
European agricultural landscapes between cultural heritage and future development. Classification models as planning base - findings from the Eucaland Project
T he following glossary of terms related to the European agricultural landscape shall serve as a ... more T he following glossary of terms related to the European agricultural landscape shall serve as a common basis for all parties, working in or on agricultural landscapes. Some of the terms are quite common and sometimes used in our every day language, but they often have different meanings in particular countries. These differences may be a result of varying linguistic developments, history and traditions. The glossary contains 40 terms in seven languages; English, Dutch, Estonian, French, German, Hungarian, and Spanish. Each term begins with an English definition, illustrated by a photograph. If there are differences in meanings and connotations of single countries, they are mentioned in the designated country’s column. This work is to be continued.
Adaptive Strategies for Water Heritage, 2019
Tell me what you pay attention to and I will tell you who you are.
Journal of Landscape Ecology, 2018
no figures, no tables, no citations, no sub-chapters. Abstract followed by the: Introduction, Mat... more no figures, no tables, no citations, no sub-chapters. Abstract followed by the: Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, Discussion (or Results and discussion), Acknowledgement, References (subtitles aligned centered, bald letters, one line before and one line after the subtitle, please use template at: http://tajokologiailapok.szie.hu/pdf/template.docx). Use size 12 Times New Roman type letters, single line in the text (in general). Italic letters only should be used with scientific names and in table and figure titles (for the words “Table” and “Figure” and their numbers, the title is normal). Bald letters should be used only in title and subtitles. No footnotes! Web addresses should be only listed in full at the end of the reference list. In the text use http1, http2 . . . References should only include the cited references from the text, ordered by the ABC. Citations should be prepared based on the template. Scientific papers: Kis, A., Nagy, B. 1993: Title. Tájökológiai Lap...
Wind energy has been one of the most controversial renewable energy types considering its accepta... more Wind energy has been one of the most controversial renewable energy types considering its acceptance by the public and different stakeholders. This chapter first discusses the role of different acceptance concerns of wind energy. Then examples are provided about most relevant acceptance concerns across Europe based on the results of a recent expert web-survey. The chapter concludes with some recommendations for wind energy planning practice.
Summary: Methodological and standardized management requirements for protected areas have become ... more Summary: Methodological and standardized management requirements for protected areas have become a central issue in nature conservation over the last years. The article takes a closer look on the current international standards laid out by the World Heritage Convention for natural sites and by IUCN for protected areas. Both actors play a central role in the way we approach and deal with protected areas globally. Both are influenced by local developments, local management cultures and still have to have a global approach. The goal is to examine how the World Heritage community has tackled these problems and in which form it is today adapting to current developments. The first part lays out the management principles for the UNESCO Natural World Heritage properties according to the overarching goal of protecting the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of a site. Part two summarises the management principles of protected nature reserves following the IUCN categories. Their aim is to prote...
The FEAL project, developed and accepted within the frame of Erasmus+ Key Action 2 (cooperation f... more The FEAL project, developed and accepted within the frame of Erasmus+ Key Action 2 (cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices), took place from December 1st, 2016 to May 31st, 2019. The article gives an overview of the project, the project’s partners, aims and findings and last but not least the results and where to find them.1
Adaptive Strategies for Water Heritage, 2019
From the Middle Ages until the twentieth century, water meadows in Europe were primarily irrigate... more From the Middle Ages until the twentieth century, water meadows in Europe were primarily irrigated to improve their productivity and to lengthen the growing season. They were water management systems designed to collect and use water and to discharge it: water had to be kept moving. This chapter presents a general overview and a history of research on European water meadows. It also examines examples from the sandy landscapes of northwestern Europe, from Slovakia, and Norway. Three main types of water meadows are distinguished: simple dam systems, more elaborate catchworks, and highly developed bedworks. Of these, bedworks were technically and organizationally the most complex; they were also the most costly in construction and maintenance. Most water meadows were abandoned in the twentieth century; in many places, however, their traces can still be
Environmental History, 2016
From the Middle Ages until the twentieth century, water meadows in Europe were primarily irrigate... more From the Middle Ages until the twentieth century, water meadows in Europe were primarily irrigated to improve their productivity and to lengthen the growing season. They were water management systems designed to collect and use water and to discharge it: water had to be kept moving. This chapter presents a general overview and a history of research on European water meadows. It also examines examples from the sandy landscapes of northwestern Europe, from Slovakia, and Norway. Three main types of water meadows are distinguished: simple dam systems, more elaborate catchworks, and highly developed bedworks. Of these, bedworks were technically and organizationally the most complex; they were also the most costly in construction and maintenance. Most water meadows were abandoned in the twentieth century; in many places, however, their traces can still be
Sustainability
Today, farmers are multioptional entrepreneurs, demanding far more skills than only those of agri... more Today, farmers are multioptional entrepreneurs, demanding far more skills than only those of agricultural production. The awareness of European agricultural landscape (EAL) values should enable farmers to create new business strategies. Open education repositories (OERs) based on online vocational education and training (VET) are still not widespread. The project FEAL (multifunctional farming for the sustainability of EALs) has brought interactive material online based on results of two questionnaire surveys performed in Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. A survey of 31 experts confirmed that VET activities are very much needed for farmers. A survey of 28 farmers had different aims and content. Data collected from farmers were used to evaluate basic farm attributes, farmers’ characteristics, and keywords indicating the farms’ activities, multifunctionality and sustainability, and EALs, specifying the presence of nature- and landscape-protected areas. A decision-making sc...
Sustainability
Hay-making structures are part of the agricultural landscape of meadows and pastures. Hay meadows... more Hay-making structures are part of the agricultural landscape of meadows and pastures. Hay meadows are still used and found all over Europe, but their distribution patterns as well as their characteristics and regional features depend on geographical area, climate, culture, and intensity of agriculture. Intensively used hay meadows are the most dominant, using heavy machinery to store hay mostly as rounded or square bales. Traditional hay-making structures represent structures or constructions, used to quickly dry freshly cut fodder and to protect it from humidity. The ‘ancient’ forms of traditional hay-making structures are becoming a relic, due to mechanisation and the use of new technologies. Both the need for drying hay and the traditional methods for doing so were similar across Europe. Our study of hay-making structures focuses on their current state, their development and history, current use and cultural values in various European countries. Regarding the construction and use...
Acta geographica Slovenica, 2017
Over the past decades, attractive terraced landscapes composed of cultivated terraces have been i... more Over the past decades, attractive terraced landscapes composed of cultivated terraces have been increasingly dealt with in studies in geography, landscape architecture, ethnology, rural sociology, agronomy, pedology, and other spatial disciplines. Around 2000, several important research projects were carried out. The Terraced Landscapes Alliance (ITLA) was established, and terraced landscapes have also obtained their place within the European Geosciences Union (EGU) and EUCALAND. During this period, research on terraced landscapes has also intensified in Slovenia. All five articles featured in this special thematic issue of Acta geographica Slovenica are also briefly presented.
Land
At the 2018 meeting of the Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape (PE... more At the 2018 meeting of the Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape (PECSRL), that took place in Clermont-Ferrand and Mende in France, the Institute for Research on European Agricultural Landscapes e.V. (EUCALAND) Network organized a session on traditional landscapes. Presentations included in the session discussed the concept of traditional, mostly agricultural, landscapes, their ambiguous nature and connections to contemporary landscape research and practice. Particular attention was given to the connection between traditional landscapes and regional identity, landscape transformation, landscape management, and heritage. A prominent position in the discussions was occupied by the question about the future of traditional or historical landscapes and their potential to trigger regional development. Traditional landscapes are often believed to be rather stable and slowly developing, of premodern origin, and showing unique examples of historical continuity of...
Old but Not Old Fashioned: Agricultural Landscapes as European Heritage and Basis for Sustainable Multifunctional Farming to Earn a Living, 2021
Today, farmers are multioptional entrepreneurs, demanding far more skills than only those of agr... more Today, farmers are multioptional entrepreneurs, demanding far more skills than only those of agricultural production. The awareness of European agricultural landscape (EAL) values should enable farmers to create new business strategies. Open education repositories (OERs) based on online vocational education and training (VET) are still not widespread. The project FEAL (multifunctional farming for the sustainability of EALs) has brought interactive material online based on results of two questionnaire surveys performed in Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. A survey of 31 experts confirmed that VET activities are very much needed for farmers. A survey of 28 farmers had different aims and content. Data collected from farmers were used to evaluate basic farm attributes, farmers’ characteristics, and keywords indicating the farms’ activities, multifunctionality and sustainability, and EALs, specifying the presence of nature- and landscape-protected areas. A decision-making schema, applying a collection of terms from literature analysis and the questionnaire’s results, is a support tool to develop a model of a farm that contributes to the preservation of the landscape’s character, strengthening the landscape’s quality, and sustainable business. The model presents the interactions of the farm (its territory and ancestral heritage, control of natural resources, tourism services and cultural events, public goods provision, and quality guarantees); socioeconomic strategies regarding quality, marketing, communication, business operation, and monitoring are proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Agricultural Heritage in European and Mediterranean Countries)
Journal of European Landscapes, 2020
The FEAL project, developed and accepted within the frame of Erasmus+ Key Action 2 (cooperation f... more The FEAL project, developed and accepted within the frame of Erasmus+ Key Action 2 (cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices), took place from December 1 st , 2016 to May 31 st , 2019. The article gives an overview of the project, the project's partners, aims and findings and last but not least the results and where to find them. 1
Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift?Norwegian Journal of Geography, 2019
Book Review
Journal of Landscape Ecology, Special Issue 1, 2018
Transhumance creates unique landscapes, especially in mountain regions. These landscape types, bu... more Transhumance creates unique landscapes, especially in mountain regions. These landscape types, but also the herewith connected economy, are often threatened by abandonment. On the other hand, the so created landscapes and products are highly appreciated by the people – not only the tourists. Being listed as UNESCO World
Heritage might be a trigger to raise awareness (also among politicians and deciders) and, more important, to motivate farmers to go ahead with their very special living conditions and to foster sense of place/proudness of the place. The process, which leads to the nomination itself, is demanding on one side, but also often a starting point to consider the region, the site differently and to develop new processes, initiate structural changes and is in the end often highly appreciated by the population.
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Papers by Alexandra Kruse
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Agricultural Heritage in European and Mediterranean Countries)
Heritage might be a trigger to raise awareness (also among politicians and deciders) and, more important, to motivate farmers to go ahead with their very special living conditions and to foster sense of place/proudness of the place. The process, which leads to the nomination itself, is demanding on one side, but also often a starting point to consider the region, the site differently and to develop new processes, initiate structural changes and is in the end often highly appreciated by the population.