The field of speech compression has advanced rapidly due to cost-effective digital technology and... more The field of speech compression has advanced rapidly due to cost-effective digital technology and diverse commercial applications. In voice communication a real-time system should be considered. It is not still possible to compress signals without facing any loss in real-time system. This paper presents a theory of loss-less digital compression for saving high quality speech signals. Emphasis is given on the quality of speech signal. In hearing music high quality music is always needed, consuming smaller memory space. In this compression 8-bit PCM/PCM speech signal is compressed. When values of samples are varying they are kept same. When they are not varying the number of samples containing same value is saved. After compression the signal is also an 8-bit PCM/PCM but expansion is needed before hearing it. This technique may also be used in real-time systems.
Determinants of business success of small medium enterprises
The small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play critical role in the development of the country. The... more The small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play critical role in the development of the country. The success of SMEs depends on number of factors. This study examines the role of key factors in the success of SMEs in Pakistan. The study also investigates the relationship between SMEs success and its determinants. Target population of the study was SMEs operating in
Advertising is a way of communication to convince an audience for taking purchase decision about ... more Advertising is a way of communication to convince an audience for taking purchase decision about a product or service and delivering information to viewers. This paper examines the relationship between environmental response and emotional response which are independent variables with dependent variable i.e. consumer buying behavior. This research investigates the relationship between the variables involved, by taking the 200 responses in twins' cities of Pakistan. Findings of this study show the moderate relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. It shows that consumer purchase those brands from which they are emotionally attached. This study reports new results in the field of buying behavior of consumers' response.
A melt-processible high temperature superconductor
The preparation and characterization of a melt-processible high-temperature superconductor based ... more The preparation and characterization of a melt-processible high-temperature superconductor based on a melt reaction between TbBa2Cu3O(7-x) and Y1.2Ba0.8CuO(4-y) at 950 C is reported. The samples have sharp superconducting transitions above 90 K, as determined by resistivity and ac susceptibility measurements. X-ray diffraction shows crystal structures nearly identical to those of YBa2Cu3O(7-x) sintered superconductors. The dense void-free melt-processible superconductors have potential for large single crystal growth and for high critical currents with low-cost processing.
Investigating Radiation Hazard and Safety Aspects of Handheld Mobile
Page 1. Investigating Radiation Hazard and Safety Aspects of Handheld Mobile Muzaffar Ahmed Facul... more Page 1. Investigating Radiation Hazard and Safety Aspects of Handheld Mobile Muzaffar Ahmed Faculty of Engineering, Sciences and Technology IQRA University Karachi, Pakistan muzaffar@iqra.edu.pk AbstractRadiation ...
An energy efficient adaptive rate cooperative MIMO selection scheme is proposed for uniform load ... more An energy efficient adaptive rate cooperative MIMO selection scheme is proposed for uniform load distribution in the cluster based wireless sensor networks. The intrinsic data flow direction in multi-hop cluster based sensor networks causes uneven load distribution in the network. The transit clusters and the clusters near the base station carry more network traffic than the other clusters. Cooperative MIMO can artistically reduce the per bit energy consumption, Space-Time Block Codes are designed to achieve maximum diversity for a given number of transmit and receive antennas with very simple decoding algorithm. In radio fading channel, STBC require less transmission energy than SISO technique for the same Bit Error Rate and can be employed practically in Wireless Sensor Networks by using the cooperative MIMO scheme. Considering Alamouti and Tarokh Space-Time Block Codes, the number of antennas at both the transmission and the reception sides are selected with respect to the cluster load. The crude energy consumption per cluster then refined through adaptive rate transmission. It has been shown that the load based joint adaptive selection of rate and cooperative nodes in clusters renders uniform energy consumption in the network.
Practices of working capital policy and performance assessment financial ratios and their relationship with organization performance
... 1967 Practices of Working Capital Policy and Performance Assessment Financial Ratios and Thei... more ... 1967 Practices of Working Capital Policy and Performance Assessment Financial Ratios and Their Relationship with Organization Performance Ghulam Shabbir Khan Niazi, Ahmed Imran Hunjra, Majid Rashid, 1 2 3 Syed Waqar Akbar and Muhammad Naeem Akhtar 4 5 ...
Investment portfolio decisions for shares through data mining
Pakistani business sector and the Government like any other country are keen to attract foreign i... more Pakistani business sector and the Government like any other country are keen to attract foreign investment into various sectors of the economy. Cheaper labor rates at Pakistan also make it an attractive option for foreign investors in business opportunities. However literature to provide some guidelines of investment portfolios is very limited for this market. An in depth investigation showed that stock exchanges in Pakistan are providing a reasonable view of business activities in various sectors. Government regulatory bodies and entrepreneurs are also making continuous efforts to improve value performance of stock markets through policy regulations and adopting best business practices. Volumes of data are therefore being generated and stored in databases on regular basis. This data could be mined to provide guidance to investors for selecting optimum mix of portfolios. This activity is being performed at firm level and could be expanded to establish a national database for use by investors. Present research was focused on using data mining and decision analysis methodologies to extract meaningful patterns from business data. A number of statistical tools were applied on mined data to arrive at decisions for investment in various portfolios. The same methodology could be used to analyze the national database for providing useful information for investments in any country.
Genetic Algorithm and MS Solver for Portfolio Optimization under Exogenous Influence
This study comprises of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach to optimize a constrained portfolio f... more This study comprises of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach to optimize a constrained portfolio for maximum return with an acceptable risk for Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) assets. The portfolio selection model used in this paper is based on the classical Markowitz mean-variance theory enhanced with exogenous influence of floor and ceiling. The results are compared with MS Excel Solver (Solver). It is found that the model works well under the influence of a high probability of local minima.
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