Gyan kashyap

International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Population studies, Department Member

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Prevalence and predictors of asthma, tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis among male tannery workers: A study of Kanpur City, India

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2021

Background: In India, it was reported previously about varying prevalence of asthma and chronic b... more Background: In India, it was reported previously about varying prevalence of asthma and chronic bronchitis among leather tannery workers with moderate to high exposures at the workplace to be significantly associated with asthma. This study intended to estimate the prevalence of asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic bronchitis among leather tannery workers and to identify the risk factors associated with it. Data and Methods: The data used in this study were collected through a cross-sectional household survey of 284 male tannery workers in the Jajmau area of Kanpur city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, during January-June 2015. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with respiratory symptoms. Results: The prevalence Asthma and Chronic Bronchitis among Tannery workers was 12.3% and 11.6% which is higher as compared to non-tannery workers. The findings revealed that the prevalence of symptoms suggestive of asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic bronchitis among the tannery workers was higher compared to non-tannery workers. The study revealed that long time tannery working harms health, as tannery workers are more likely to be suffering from asthma and chronic bronchitis who worked above 11 years in the tannery (p < 0.62). Conclusion: The study concludes that age, education, media exposure, working hours in the tannery, type of work engagement within tannery occupation, and exposure to chemicals are the major risk factors for asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic bronchitis among the male tannery workers. Specific health insurance facilities should be provided, such as the Employee's State Insurance Scheme (ESIS), from the day a person begins work in a tannery.

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Prevalence and Risk Factor of Occupational Skin Complaints among Male Tannery Workers of Kanpur, India

PubMed, Nov 12, 2021

Background: Occupational skin illnesses are the second most common occupational health hazard fol... more Background: Occupational skin illnesses are the second most common occupational health hazard following musculoskeletal disorders. Tannery workers have frequent and prolonged exposure to skin irritants and allergens and may have a higher risk of developing occupational dermatitis. Aims and objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the extent of skin problems and their determinants among male tannery workers. Materials and methods: The data for the present research was drawn from a cross-sectional household study of tannery and nontannery workers in the Jajmau area of Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 284 tannery and 289 nontannery workers were interviewed using purposive sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and multivariate techniques have been used. Results: Tannery workers experienced itching hands or fingers with fissures (21%), scaling of hands or fingers with fissures (18%), red and swollen hands or fingers (11%), and vesicles on the hands or between the fingers (11%). The workers who had moderate/high dermal exposure to chemicals were 35(P < 0.001), and they were 31 (P < 0.001) times more likely to experience vesicles on scaling hands or fingers with fissures, and itching hands or fingers with fissures. The tannery workers engaged in wet finishing work were significantly 3.9 (P < 0.1) times more likely to experienced scaling on hands or fingers with fissures. Conclusion: The study acclaims the mechanization of tannery activities at workplaces, so that risk of skin complaints can be minimized among tannery workers. As the risk of skin complaints is very high with the dermal exposure to chemicals, personal protective equipment must be provided and their use should be included in the curriculum of the ternary workers.

Does religion make hindrance in access to healthcare? : a case of Muslim mother’s healthcare utilisation in India

Background: Despite India’s noteworthy achievement in reducing MMR, still contributed a large pro... more Background: Despite India’s noteworthy achievement in reducing MMR, still contributed a large proportion of maternal deaths to the world. In India, Muslim women are lagging behind in terms of empowerment and socio-economic status. This study focuses on maternal healthcare utilisation of muslim women- ‘antenatal care’, ‘institutional delivery’, and ‘professional assistance at home delivery’. Materials and methods: To assess the trends and identify the determinants, the study has utilised four rounds of NFHS data (1992-2016). Bivariate techniques, logistic regression and multinomial regression analysis have been used to fulfil the objective of the study. Results: The recent round of sample survey data shows they have been slightly moving forward (compared to NFHS-3) to institutional deliveries as compared to the women from other religion but at the same time ANC status among them is low (19% less likely than Hindu women). Healthcare utilization of Muslim mothers has increased with education and standard of living and they are more likely to use care services with media exposure and husband’s economic status. Conclusions: The utilisation of maternal healthcare is highly associated with socioeconomic factors which again affect the women status. The education, income and place of residence are the most important predictors of maternal healthcare utilisation.

Mental Well-Being and Quality of Life: A Comparative Study of Male Leather Tannery and Non-Tannery Workers of Kanpur City, India

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Apr 25, 2016

Role of public-private partnerships to enhance the health care delivery system during the pandemic COVID-19

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, Aug 28, 2020

Development and economic growth are based on a healthy nation. A lot of attentions are needed to ... more Development and economic growth are based on a healthy nation. A lot of attentions are needed to improve health conditions by providing necessary facilities through better infrastructure and medical professionals. Public health facilities continue to face staff shortage as over 85% specialist doctors, 75% doctors, 80% laboratory technicians, 53% nursing, and 52% ANM (auxiliary nurse midwife) short across states. 1 At the same time when the prevalence of infectious diseases has increased worldwide over a period. Outbreaks have frequently been occurring, but every outbreak does not reach global pandemic level as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has. 2 Although the number of COVID-19 cases are gradually increasing in India, experts have warned that this spread will lead to a rapid and massive increase in demand for health facilities. 3 India's healthcare infrastructure is incapable of dealing with today's crisis. In India, there is a significant shortage in the availability of beds in hospitals. It is only in recent years that India increased its bed capacity from 0.7 beds per thousand, in 2011, to 1.13 today. 4 According to data from the National Health Profile-2019, we observed there are 7,13,986 total government hospital beds available in India; however, it is still insufficient to deal with this crisis. There are only 118 governments approved laboratories in India capable of performing COVID-19 tests so far. 4 Under-investment in the public healthcare system is a big challenge for India in COVID-19 restraint planning. Due to the limited public spending on healthcare, private investments could play a pivotal role in bridging financial and managerial deficits. The free market economy has

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Occupational mobility and burden of disease among male leather tannery workers

Shodhganga, 2018

A Nexus between Diversity in Women's Empowerment and Violation of their Sexual Rights in India: Evidence from National Family Health Surveys

Journal of women's health care, 2018

Concern of women's empowerment in terms of violence reduction has become a burning issue in India... more Concern of women's empowerment in terms of violence reduction has become a burning issue in India since last few decades. Highlighting these issues would be impossible without realization of sexual rights of women. Mounting evidences of women's empowerment in the country does not make women privileged in providing them, their sexual rights. This study aims to explore whether diverse situation of women's empowerment is influencing violence against women including their perceived sexual rights by using data of National Family Health Survey fourth round, conducted in 2015-2016. Findings of this study reveal that upswing in the status of women in different dimension of empowerment has reduced the percentage of women who experienced spousal violence across all states of India except Meghalaya, Manipur, Chhattisgarh, Haryana and Karnataka. Further, lack of equity in women's empowerment is adversely related to their perceived sexual rights. It is found that the percentage of women perceiving about sexual rights has decline in India from 75% in NFHS-3 to 70% in NFHS-4. Even after being financially empowered and holding rights in household decision making, women lack in negotiation power in individual decision making which relates to their reproductive and sexual rights. Thus, the recent upswing in different dimension of women's empowerment is not leading towards qualitative change in life of women and they are still victim of violence which largely affects their physical and mental health.

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Reliability and validity of general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) for male tannery workers: a study carried out in Kanpur, India

BMC Psychiatry, Mar 21, 2017

Background: The purpose of this study was to test the reliability, validity and factor structure ... more Background: The purpose of this study was to test the reliability, validity and factor structure of GHQ-12 questionnaire on male tannery workers of India. We have tested three different factor models of the GHQ-12. Methods: This paper used primary data obtained from a cross-sectional household study of tannery workers from Jajmau area of the city of Kanpur in northern India, which was conducted during January-June, 2015, as part of a doctoral program. The study covered 286 tannery workers from the study area. An interview schedule containing GHQ-12 was used for tannery workers who had completed at least 1 year at their present occupation preceding the survey. To test reliability, Cronbach's alpha test was used. The convergent test was used for validity. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare three factor structures for the GHQ-12. Results: A total of 286 samples were analyzed in this study. The mean age of the tannery workers in this study was 38 years (SD = 1.42). We found the alpha coefficient to be 0.93 for the complete sample. The value of alpha represents the acceptable internal consistency for all the groups. Each item of scale showed almost the same internal consistency of 0.93 for the male tannery workers. The correlation between factor 1 (Anxiety and Depression) and factor 2 (Social Dysfunction) was 0.92. The correlation between factor 1 (Anxiety and Depression) and factor 3 (Loss of confidence) was the highest 0.98. Comparative fit index (CFI) estimate best-fitted for model-III that gave the CFI value 0.97. The SRMR indicator gave the lowest value 0.031 for the model-III. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the Hindi version of GHQ-12 is a reliable and valid tool for measuring psychological distress in male tannery workers of Kanpur city, India. Study found that the model proposed by the Graetz was the best fitted model for the data.

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Potential effect of household environment on prevalence of tuberculosis in India: evidence from the recent round of a cross-sectional survey

BMC Pulmonary Medicine, May 3, 2018

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) has been a major health problem globally since ages, and even today... more Background: Tuberculosis (TB) has been a major health problem globally since ages, and even today, it is a major cause of morbidity in millions of people each year. In 2015 alone, TB accounted for about 1.4 million deaths globally, with India carrying the biggest burden of the disease. The physical environment of the household, an individual living in, has a significant influence on the incidence of TB. Thus, an understanding of the socioeconomic , demographic and environmental factors that individuals are exposed to is of importance. The objective of present study is to examine the association of household environment with the prevalence of Tuberculosis in India. Methods: The study utilizes data from the fourth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16, which was collected from self-reported information pertaining to Tuberculosis in the household questionnaire. The specific question was, "Does any usual resident of your household suffer from tuberculosis?" the response to which helped in the detection of Tuberculosis. Binary Logistic regression was performed from which appropriate inferences are drawn on the association of household environment with Tuberculosis. Results: Prevalence of TB was found to be the highest among elderly people (0.9%), no education (0.4%) and people belonging to the poorest wealth quintile (0.53%). Family members who were regularly (daily) exposed to smoke (second-hand smoke) inside the house were more prone to getting tuberculosis (OR = 1.49; CI = 1.39-1.61) as compared with households where people do not smoke inside the house. Further, households having a finished wall (OR = 0.7; CI = 0.6-0.8) are less likely to get TB than the households with mud walls. Households that shared their toilets with other households are more likely to get hold of Tuberculosis (OR = 1.2; CI = 1.1-1.4). Conclusions: Results strongly suggest that a contaminated household environment increases the risk of tuberculosis in India. There are multiple risk factors that are strongly associated with Tuberculosis: smoke inside house, type of cooking fuel, separate kitchen, floor, roofing and wall material, number of persons sleeping in a room, sharing toilet and potable water with other households; and individual characteristics such as age, sex, educational attainment, marital status, place of residence and wealth index.

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Prevalence, predictors and economic burden of morbidities among waste-pickers of Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional study

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, Oct 10, 2017

Background: The occupation of waste-picking characterised as 3Dsdangerous, drudgery and demanding... more Background: The occupation of waste-picking characterised as 3Dsdangerous, drudgery and demanding. In this context, the study aimed to assess occupational morbidities among the waste-pickers and attempts to identify potential individual level risk factors enhancing health risks. Additionally, economic burden of morbidities has been assessed. Methods: The burden of the morbidities was assessed and compared with a comparison group through a crosssectional survey. Waste-pickers (n = 200) and a comparison group (n = 103) working for at least a year were randomly selected from the communities living on the edge of the Deonar dumping site. The difference in the prevalence of morbidities was tested using the chi-square test. The effect of waste picking resulting the development of morbidities was assessed using the propensity score matching (PSM) method. A multivariate logistic regression model was employed to identify the individual risk factors. T-test has been employed in order to analyse the difference in health care expenditure between waste pickers and non-waste pickers. Results: The prevalence of morbidities was significantly higher among the waste-pickers, particularly for injuries (75%), respiratory illness (28%), eye infection (29%), and stomach problems (32%), compared to the comparison group (17%, 15%, 18%, and 19% respectively). The results of the PSM method highlighted that waste-picking raised the risk of morbidity for injuries (62%) and respiratory illness (13%). Results of logistic regression suggest that low level of hygiene practices [household cleanliness (OR = 3.23, p < 0.00), non-use of soap before meals (OR = 2.65, p < 0.05)] and use of recyclable items as a cooking fuel (OR = 2.12, p < 0.03) enhanced health risks among the waste pickers when adjusted for the age, duration of work, duration of stay in community and substance use. Additionally, the high prevalence of morbidities among waste pickers resulted into higher healthcare expenditure. Findings of the study suggest that not only healthcare expenditure but persistence of illness and work days lost due to injury/illness is significantly higher among waste pickers compared to non-waste pickers. Conclusions: The study concluded that waste-picking raised the risk of morbidities as also expenditure on healthcare. Results from the study recommend several measures to lessen the morbidities and thereby incurred healthcare expenditure.

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Progression in Tobacco Use in India: An Application of Survival Function Analysis

International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, Jan 21, 2016

Today India is the second largest producer of tobacco in the world and the third largest consumer... more Today India is the second largest producer of tobacco in the world and the third largest consumer. The World Health Organization predicts that tobacco deaths in India may exceed 1.5 million annually by 2020. The purpose of the present study to evaluate the pattern and correlates of tobacco use and quitting tobacco among smokers as well as users of smokeless tobacco. This study is based on the data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, India (2009-10). The study used the cox's proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan-meier survival analysis for computing the probability of quitting tobacco. Three level multilevel logistic regression model have been used to carry out the pattern and correlates of tobacco use. The highest percentage of young people currently using tobacco product in the Northeastern states of India. The hazard of quitting tobacco among female is 1.35 times (p<.01) higher as compared to male. The chances of quitting smokeless tobacco are less in the NorthEast (HR =0.484) as compared to the people from North. The odds of smoking was three times higher in 45-64 age group (OR=3.311***) compared to the age group of 15-24. Regional variation is the use of smokeless tobacco shows that results from the NorthEastern region (OR=8.748***) and Eastern region (OR= 8.184) are more likely to use smokeless tobacco in comparison to people from Northern region. This study found that the trend of use of tobacco in upward direction, whereas the probability of quitting is very low in Northeast.

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Catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment effects of out-of-pocket expenses: A comparative study of tannery and non-tannery workers of Kanpur, India

Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2018

Treatment-seeking behaviors and economic burden because of health expenditure are widely discusse... more Treatment-seeking behaviors and economic burden because of health expenditure are widely discussed issues in India, and more so in recent times. The aim of this study is to identify health problems of tannery workers and their treatment-seeking behavior and their health expenditure. The primary data used in this article were collected through a cross-sectional household survey of 284 male tannery workers in the Jajmau area of Kanpur city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, during January-June 2015. Findings of the study revealed that around 36% of the tannery workers and 42% of non-tannery workers received treatment as outpatients in government/municipal hospital in the first spell of treatment. The secondary source of treatment was pharmacy/drug stores for 30% of the tannery workers and 24% of the non-tannery workers, an indication that a substantial proportion takes treatment without consulting a qualified medical practitioner; it also highlights that almost one-third of the tannery and non-tannery workers visited private health facility despite poor economic condition. It is evident that a substantial proportion of tannery and non-tannery workers are visiting private/non-governmental organization/trust hospital despite their poor financial situation. There is an urgent need to reinstate people&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s faith in public health facilities by developing professionalism, integrity, and accountability among different levels of health functionaries and frontline workers with the support of credible, transparent, and responsible regulatory environment.

The Reach of Media to Smokers and Smokeless Tobacco Users in India: Evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)

Journal of POPULATION and SOCIAL STUDIES (Online), Dec 27, 2017

This study focuses on the impact of mass media in creating awareness and enhancing efficacy of to... more This study focuses on the impact of mass media in creating awareness and enhancing efficacy of tobacco control interventions by disseminating knowledge to the public about the harmful effects of tobacco. It examines variations in awareness of tobacco's health hazards and anti-tobacco campaigns among 69,296 adults aged 15 and above based on gender and tobacco use (smoked or smokeless) and the role of the media in cessation attempts by tobacco users using data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). The GATS is a household survey which was conducted in India during 2009-10. The study found that a higher proportion of adults was exposed to anti-smoking information across different media compared with anti-smokeless tobacco information. Tobacco users are also less likely to be aware of the health hazards of tobacco compared with non-users. Noticing anti-tobacco messages and knowing the health hazards of smokeless tobacco use are significantly associated with cessation attempts among tobacco users in India. Males are more likely to notice anti-smoking and anti-smokeless tobacco information through any media compared with females.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sinus and Nasal Allergies among Tannery Workers of Kanpur City

Sinusitis, Jan 11, 2021

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more

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Assessment of Psychological Well-being of Waste-pickers of Mumbai, India

Asian Journal of Epidemiology, Aug 15, 2017

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Responsiveness of Occupational Health Risk and Preventive Measures Practice by the Workers Employed in Tannery Occupation in Kanpur, India

Research Square (Research Square), Jan 13, 2020

Background: Occupational health covers all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has ... more Background: Occupational health covers all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards. There are several health risks, such as respiratory problems, injuries/accidents, musculoskeletal disorders, cancers, mental health disorders, skin ailments, infectious diseases, and many more involved in the occupation, which exclusively depends on workplace conditions. Objectives: The objective of the study was to understand the extent of awareness about occupational health risks involved in tannery occupation and adopted preventive measures by the tannery workers of Kanpur, India. Methods: Information for the present research was strained from a cross-sectional household study of tannery workers in the Jajmau area of Kanpur, India. The survey was piloted through the period January-June 2015, and 284 samples were collected. This study has adopted a three-stage sampling design. The frequency distribution and cross-tabulation were used. The difference in the awareness of various morbidities was tested using the chi-square test. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify individual risk factors. Results: The prevalence of awareness of tannery work is very hazardous in nature varies from 73% to 93% among the tannery workers. Tannery workers having a middle-school level of education were 3.01 times more likely to be aware of the hazards as compared to the illiterate workers. Tannery workers aged 36 and above were 0.34 times were 0.58 times less likely to aware of a hazardous work environment. Tannery workers who belong to the younger cohort (16-24 years) reported a higher awareness of respiratory problems (38%), skin complaints (59%), and gastrointestinal issues (21%) than those aged 36 years and above. About one-third of Beamhouse workers (33%) and over a quarter (26%) of the wet finishing had moderate to high dermal contact with the chemicals. The highest use of gloves and masks is seen in Beamhouse work (12 & 13%). Conclusions: The outcomes of the study give a clear indication of the effect of the workstation environment on the health status of workers and require the use of adequate measures to improve the facilities and thereby the health status of tannery workers.

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Exploring the Influence of Work, Retirement, and Pensions on the Self-Reported Health of Older Adults in India

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sinus and Nasal Allergies among Tannery Workers of Kanpur City

by Gyan kashyap and deepanjali vishwakarma

Sinusitis

India is greatly afflicted by sinusitis, which is a condition that involves inflaming sinuses (th... more India is greatly afflicted by sinusitis, which is a condition that involves inflaming sinuses (the air cavities in the nasal passage) in your nose, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The study’s objective was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of sinus and nasal allergies among tannery workers of Kanpur city. The study has used primary datasets obtained from a cross-sectional household study of tannery workers from the Jajmau area of Kanpur in northern India, which was conducted during January–June 2015 as part of a doctoral program. The study covered 286 tannery workers from the study area. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between outcome variables (self-reported prevalence of sinus and nasal allergies) and predictor variables (socioeconomic and work-related characteristics). Results portray that a higher proportion of the tannery workers belong to economically and socially backward cl...

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Tobacco Use and Cessation among a Nationally Representative Sample of Men in India, 2019–2021

Journal of Smoking Cessation

Tobacco users are exposed to a higher risk of noncommunicable diseases, leading to premature mort... more Tobacco users are exposed to a higher risk of noncommunicable diseases, leading to premature mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The future prediction indicates that tobacco-related mortality and morbidity rates will substantially increase in coming years. The study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of tobacco consumption and cessation attempts for different tobacco products among adult men in India. The study utilized information from India’s latest National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) data which was conducted during 2019-21, including 988,713 adult men aged 15 years and above and 93,144 men aged 15-49. Results suggest that 38 percent of men consume tobacco, including 29% in urban and 43% in rural areas. Among the men aged 35-49 years, the odds were significantly higher for consuming any form of tobacco (AOR: 7.36, CI: 6.72-8.05), smoking cigarettes (AOR: 2.56, CI: 2.23-2.94), and smoking bidi (AOR: 7.12, CI: 4.75-8.82) as compared to those aged 15-19. The ...

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Role of public-private partnerships to enhance the health care delivery system during the pandemic COVID-19

International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2020

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