MBA PDGM

This paper attempts to find out the distributed server-based dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) within liberalized spectrum sharing regulation concept as an alternative to existing regulation based on fixed frequency spectrum allocation schemes towards development of cognitive radio for coverage-based analogy. The present study investigates a scenario where a block of spectrum is shared among four different kinds of exemplary air interface standards i.e., GSM, CDMA, UMTS and WiMAX. It is assumed to offer traffic in an equally likely manner, which occupy four different sizes of channel bandwidths for different air interfaces from a common pooled spectrum. Four different approaches for spectrum pooling at the instance of spectrum crunch in the designated block are considered, viz. channel occupancy through random search, existing regulation based on fixed spectrum allocation (FSA), FSA random and channel occupancy through Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimized mechanism to achieve desired grade of service (GoS). The comparisons of all the approaches are presented in this paper for different air interfaces which shows up to 55% improvement in GoS for all types of air interfaces with GA-based approach in comparison to existing regulations.

AI (artificial intelligence) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction

We all are experiencing heavy traffic in our metropolitan cities now a days. At such times it becomes very difficult for us to wait in heavy traffic jams. A solution to such conditions is given in our project, Dynamic traffic control using DIP n RFID sensors. At the traffic signals the count of the vehicles is taken (density count) and according to it, the duration of the traffic signal lights are modulated. Moreover for security purpose we are also using continues traffic monitoring and identification of the vehicle which has broken the signal is done using RFID sensors. Using GSM module and the data acquired from RFID module a penalty message is sent to the culprit with corresponding fine amount.

Polyclonal antibodies have been used in renal transplantation for the past four decades. Increasing knowledge regarding their varied mechanisms of action have confirmed their versatility in clinical practice. They can be used for induction, reversing acute rejections (especially those resistant to steroids), and possibly conferring an element of allotolerance, thereby reducing chronic allograft nephropathy. Their recent usage as IV bolus, singledose, preoperative infusion as induction therapy in renal transplantation is an attractive and extremely cost-effective strategy, especially in a developing country such as India.

Introduction: A low-protein diet supplemented with ketoanalogues (KAs) has been shown to be effective in improving the benefits of a low-protein diet for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and methods: A total of 178 adult patients with CKD Stages 3e5 (predialysis) were assessed for 1 year. A total of 122 patients were in the KA-supplemented low-protein diet (sLPD) group and were prescribed 0.6 g/kg body weight (BW) of dietary proteins supplemented with one KA tablet for every 10 kg BW. The remaining 56 patients were in the KA-supplemented very-low-protein diet (sVLPD) group and received 0.3 g/kg BW of dietary protein supplemented with one KA tablet for every 5 kg BW. Renal, metabolic, and nutritional parameters, and anthropometric assessments were performed for all patients. Results: We assessed the renal function of the patients. There was no difference in the baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics between the sLPD and sVLPD groups. In the sLPD group, the blood urea level decreased from 85.38 AE 4.45 to 76.90 AE 42.90 mg/dL (p < 0.05) after 12 months. CKD stagewise assessment of the 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance (CrCl) showed an improving trend of renal function. In the sVLPD group, the blood urea level after 6 months decreased from 98.38 AE 42.97 to 79.84 AE 34.15 mg/dL (p < 0.05), but it increased to 102.74 AE 45.98 mg/dL (p > 0.05) at the end of 1 year. The CrCl showed a marginal increase at the end of 1 year, but this increase was not statistically significant. There was a decrease in urinary protein excretion in both groups. Anthropometric measurement, including Subjective Global Assessment, showed nutritional improvement in both groups. Pearson correlation coefficient between protein intake and urinary nitrogen appearance showed positive correlation between the two groups.

Background and objectives: Insertion of dialysis catheters (DCs) is a prerequisite for successful initiation of hemodialysis. We attempted to determine if ultrasonography-guided (USG) insertion was superior and safer than the anatomical landmarkguided technique (ALT) for the femoral vein (FV). Design, setting, participants, & measurements: This was a randomized prospective study on 110 patients requiring FV DCs in a tertiary care hospital. Patients were randomized into two groups: USG and ALT. Data were collected on demography, operator experience, and side of insertion. The USG group had their catheters inserted under USG guidance, whereas the ALT group had their DC inserted by ALT. Outcome measures included successful insertion of DC, number of attempts, and complications. Results: Both groups were comparable regarding age and gender of patients, operator experience, and the side of catheterization. The overall success rate was 89.1%, with 80% using ALT and 98.2% under USG guidance (P ‫؍‬ 0.002). First attempt success rate was 54.5% in the ALT group as compared with 85.5% in the USG group (P ‫؍‬ 0.000). The complication rate was 18.2% in the ALT group and 5.5% in the USG group (P ‫؍‬ 0.039). The odds ratio (OR) for complications with two or more attempts was 10.73 with a relative risk (RR) of 3.2. The OR for successful insertion using USG was 13.5 (95% CI: 1.7 to 108.7). Conclusions: USG significantly improves success rate, reduces number of attempts, and decreases the incidence of complications related to FV DC insertion.