Papers by Aleksandra Rzeszotarska Nowakiewicz
Anthracological analysis of wooden shaft remains from the Roman-period sacrificial lake of Nidajno, Czaszkowo 1 site, north-eastern Poland
Archaeometry, 2024
Here, we report on an archaeobotanical study of charred wood remains from eight iron spearhead so... more Here, we report on an archaeobotanical study of charred wood remains from eight iron spearhead sockets from a sacrificial aquatic site at Nidajno/Czaszkowo 1, Mazurian Lakeland, NE Poland (c. second–fifth c. CE), in search of botanical evidence for the selection of wood for manufacture of wooden shafts used with iron spearheads. The samples were analysed using a Nicon Eclipse ME600 metallographic microscope. The results show significant botanical data for Fraxinus excelsior L. and Tillia sp. The results of this research illustrate the material standard of the finds from a unique sacrificial site of the Scandinavian ‘sacrificial bog’ type, such as the sacrificial site at Nidajno/Czaszkowo 1—one of the most scientifically prospective in the entire zone of the North European Barbaricum. They also reveal a clear preference in the way spears and javelins were made, linked to the use of ash wood for this purpose. This choice is rational, justified by the technological and operational properties of this type of wood, but it also has connotations from the world of symbolic religious imagery.
Sudovia in qua Sudovitae : nowa hipoteza na temat genezy kultury sudowskiej
Lasowiec (d. Sternwalde), woj. warmińsko-mazurskie : badania w roku 2010 : co zostało z "dużej" nekropoli? / Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz
Archaeologia BALTICA, 2016
In October 2014 and June 2015, a team of scholars and students from the Institute of Archaeology,... more In October 2014 and June 2015, a team of scholars and students from the Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw featuring the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, made an underwater survey in the unnamed lake (formerly Herrn-See) in the village of Lubanowo (formerly Liebenow) in Western Pomerania. During the underwater research, weapons, tools and horse harness parts (including chain reins) were found. They are dated mainly to the Roman Period, but also to the Middle Ages. Some items bear traces of ritual destruction. Parallels may be pointed out with weapons in Przeworsk culture, and to some extent also in Scandinavia. The site should be attributed to sacrificial military deposits. Its extraordinary character lies in the fact that so far it is the only site of its type which is still in its 'lake stage', i.e. not a marsh or bog. Most probably it was used by local inhabitants, the people of the Lubusz group.
Czaszkowo, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie : badania w roku 2010 : depozyt jeziorny czy miejsce kultu? / Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Aleksandra Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz
Gladius, 2016
En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el ... more En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el NE de Polonia. Fue encontrada cerca de una necrópolis romana de la Cultura Bogaczewo. Tipológicamente es una espada romana. Sin embargo, los resultados de los análisis metalográficos sugieren que fue fabricada o bien con un limpio hierro forjado (o hipotéticamente con hierro fundido) o con acero preindustrial (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). Por otro lado, la composición química de la misma implicaría el empleo de acero pre-industrial. Para concluir, se sugiere, con cautela, que la espada puede ser una espada antigua, pero esta conclusión solo puede verificarse si aparecen hallazgos similares del periodo romano.
Gladius, 2016
En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el ... more En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el NE de Polonia. Fue encontrada cerca de una necrópolis romana de la Cultura Bogaczewo. Tipológicamente es una espada romana. Sin embargo, los resultados de los análisis metalográficos sugieren que fue fabricada o bien con un limpio hierro forjado (o hipotéticamente con hierro fundido) o con acero preindustrial (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). Por otro lado, la composición química de la misma implicaría el empleo de acero pre-industrial. Para concluir, se sugiere, con cautela, que la espada puede ser una espada antigua, pero esta conclusión solo puede verificarse si aparecen hallazgos similares del periodo romano.
Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD, Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 9, 2019
in: Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD, A. Cieśl... more in: Interacting Barbarians Contacts, Exchange and Migrations in the First Millennium AD, A. Cieśliński, B. Kontny (eds), Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 9, 309-319,
ISBN 978-83-66210-06-6
Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w dawnym jeziorze Nidajno na Mazurach. Wyniki badań laboratoryjnych wybranych zabytków. Ancient Sacrificial Place in Former Lake Nidajno in Masuria. Results of Laboratory Analyses of Selected Finds., 2016
In: "Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w dawnym jeziorze Nidajno na Mazurach. Wyniki badań laboratoryjny... more In: "Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w dawnym jeziorze Nidajno na Mazurach. Wyniki badań laboratoryjnych wybranych zabytków. Ancient Sacrificial Place in Former Lake Nidajno in Masuria. Results of Laboratory Analyses of Selected Finds", T. Nowakiewicz (ed.), Warszawa/Warsaw 2016. Fundacja Przyjaciół Instytutu Archeologii UW, Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, 2016
Daty radiowęglowe wybranych zabytków z Lubanowa. Radiocarbon Dates of Selected Artefacts from the... more Daty radiowęglowe wybranych zabytków z Lubanowa. Radiocarbon Dates of Selected Artefacts from the Lake in Lubanowo, in. Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, ed. Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Warszawa 2016
Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, 2016
in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancien... more in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, ed. Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Warszawa 2016. Fundacja Przyjaciół Instytutu Archeologii UW, Instytut Archeologii UW
Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, 2016
Zarys archeologicznej historii regionu. The Outline of the Archaeological History of the Region, ... more Zarys archeologicznej historii regionu. The Outline of the Archaeological History of the Region, in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim.Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania , ed. Tomasz Nowakiewicz, Warszawa 2016
Bachus z Lubanowa. Bacchus from Lubanowo, 2016
Bachus z Lubanowa. Bacchus from Lubanowo, in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d... more Bachus z Lubanowa. Bacchus from Lubanowo, in Starożytne miejsce ofiarne w jeziorze w Lubanowie (d. Herrn-See) na Pomorzu Zachodnim. Ancient Sacrificial Place in the Lake in Lubanowo (former Herrn-See) in West Pomerania, T. Nowakiewicz ed., 2016 Warszawa
in: Studia Barbarica. Profesorowi Andrzejowi Kokowskiemu w 65. rocznicę urodzin. For Professor Andrzej Kokowski on His 65th birthday., 2018
Recent years have brought discoveries that shed
new light on the settlement situation in the late... more Recent years have brought discoveries that shed
new light on the settlement situation in the late
migration period in Western Pomerania. Such
an artefact is radiate-headed bow fibula, found
accidentally near Chociwel, in the vicinity of the
Płątkowo village (West Pomeranian Voivodeship,
Poland). The brooch is typologically similar to
group ID – type Pleniţa-Tumiany acc. to J. Werner.
The combination of a pair of ‘bird heads’ with
an openwork lyre-shaped ornament also refer
to the fibulae of group IC acc. to J. Werner (Maros-
Gambaş-Pergamon type), including miniature
specimens. Pleniţa-Tumiany fibulae occur
on a vast area between the Adriatic and the Dnieper
river, mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and early Slavic sites in Romania. Generally,
they are dated to the second half of the 6th–
mid-7th cc. In the area of origin group IC fibulae
concentrate mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and on the lower Danube. IC and ID fibulae
are also represented in the materials of the
Olsztyn group, where they are dated from the
last quarter of the 6th to the end of the first half of
the 7th century. The unique way of decorating the
footplate of the Płątkowo brooch was probably
inspired by the buckles with a lyre-shaped ferrule,
so-called Drachenpaarschnallen. Undecorated
buckles of this type are known primarily from
the areas of Avar settlement in the Transdanubia,
between the Danube and the Tisza rivers,
at the central Tisza river, Transylvania and also
in Slovakia. The dating of undecorated variants
of Drachenpaarschnallen extends to the second
and third thirds of the 7th century. Similar feature
of the fibula from Płątkowo suggests that it
belongs to later versions of the radiate-headed
brooches and can be carefully dated to the first
half of the 7th century IC and I D fibulae were
worn by inhabitants of the multi-ethnic territory
of the Avar state and in areas where the Slavs
were mentioned in sources for the first time in
the 6th century. Płątkowo brooch is currently the
second known example of this type in Western
Pomerania. The first one was found in Rów near
Myślibórz. The question arises whether the two
brooches were made on the spot as imitations of
products from the south, or were they brought
to Western Pomerania as a result of far-reaching
contacts with the inhabitants of the Carpathian
Basin? There is an opinion that in Western Pomerania
the end of the settlement associated with
the tradition of late antiquity occurred in the first
decades of the 6th century. The environmental
data show a rapid cooling and lowering of water
levels in the mid-6th century, although some data
indicate settlement activity at the Odra mouth in
5th–6th centuries. Stabilization of natural conditions
took place at the beginning of the 7th century.
From the mid-7th century, as a result of the
expansion of the Slavic settlement, the cultural
pattern in the Western Pomerania changes. For
the sites located west of the lower Odra, this phenomenon
was confirmed by dendrochronological
dates. To the east of the Odra, settlements dated
from the 8th century were located on the Pyrzyce
Plain, in the Mała Ina valley and in the Myślibórz
Lakeland. The Płątkowo brooch is another finding
giving rise to considerations on the character
of the settlement model changes in West Pomerania
from ‘Germanic’ to ‘Slavonic’. It is probable
that before the Slavic expansion, these areas were
not completely abandoned and there were some
‘surviving’ groups of people functioning in connection
with the communication route between
Scandinavia and the Danube areas, which were
absorbed by the Slavic element.
Inwentarz archeologiczny guberni kowieńskiej Michała Eustachego Brensztejna. Archäologisches Inventar des Gouvernements Kowno von Michał Eustachy Brensztejn. Archeologinis Kauno gubernijos inventorius, parengtas Mykolo Eustachijaus Brenšteino (A. Bitner-Wróblewska, R. Banytė-Rowell (eds), 2016
Inwentarz archeologiczny guberni kowieńskiej Michała Eustachego Brensztejna. Archäologisches Inve... more Inwentarz archeologiczny guberni kowieńskiej Michała Eustachego Brensztejna. Archäologisches Inventar des Gouvernements Kowno von Michał Eustachy Brensztejn. Archeologinis Kauno gubernijos inventorius, parengtas Mykolo Eustachijaus Brenšteino (A. Bitner-Wróblewska, R. Banytė-Rowell (eds), Aestiorum Hereditas III. The Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of Poland, Warsaw 2016
The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in... more The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in NE Poland. It was found close to a Roman Period cemetery of the Bogaczewo Culture. On typological grounds, the sword can be classified as a Roman Period weapon. However, the results of metallographic examinations suggest that the find may have been made either from very clean bloomery steel (or hypoeutectoid crucible steel) or from mass-made Industrial Age steel (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). On the other hand, the chemical composition of the sword would rather imply a pre-Industrial Period steel. In conclusion, it is carefully suggested that the weapon may be a genuine Ancient sword, although its final recognition as a Roman Period weapon could only be verified by finds made from similar metal in undoubted Roman Period contexts.
In October 2014 and June 2015, a team of scholars and students from the Institute of Archaeology,... more In October 2014 and June 2015, a team of scholars and students from the Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw featuring
the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, made an underwater survey in the unnamed
lake (formerly Herrn-See) in the village of Lubanowo (formerly Liebenow) in Western Pomerania. During the underwater
research, weapons, tools and horse harness parts (including chain reins) were found. They are dated mainly to the Roman
Period, but also to the Middle Ages. Some items bear traces of ritual destruction. Parallels may be pointed out with weapons
in Przeworsk culture, and to some extent also in Scandinavia. The site should be attributed to sacrificial military deposits. Its
extraordinary character lies in the fact that so far it is the only site of its type which is still in its ‘lake stage’, i.e. not a marsh
or bog. Most probably it was used by local inhabitants, the people of the Lubusz group.
The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in... more The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in NE Poland. It was found close to a Roman Period cemetery of the Bogaczewo Culture. On typological grounds, the sword can be classified as a Roman Period weapon. However, the results of metallographic examinations suggest that the find may have been made either from very clean bloomery steel (or hypoeutectoid crucible steel) or from mass-made Industrial Age steel (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). On the other hand, the chemical composition of the sword would rather imply a pre-Industrial Period steel. In conclusion, it is carefully suggested that the weapon may be a genuine Ancient sword, although its final recognition as a Roman Period weapon could only be verified by finds made from similar metal in undoubted Roman Period contexts. En este trabajo se analiza el fragmento de una espada con posible sello de Masuria hallada en el NE de Polonia. Fue encontrada cerca de una necrópolis romana de la Cultura Bogaczewo. Tipológicamente es una espada romana. Sin embargo, los resultados de los análisis metalográficos sugieren que fue fabricada o bien con un limpio hierro forjado (o hipotéticamente con hierro fundido) o con acero preindustrial (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). Por otro lado, la composición química de la misma implicaría el empleo de acero pre-industrial. Para concluir, se sugiere, con cautela, que la espada puede ser una espada antigua, pero esta conclusión solo puede verificarse si aparecen hallazgos similares del periodo romano.
The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in... more The paper discusses a recent stray find of a sword fragment with a possible stamp from Masuria in NE Poland. It was found close to a Roman Period cemetery of the Bogaczewo Culture. On typological grounds, the sword can be classified as a Roman Period weapon. However, the results of metallographic examinations suggest that the find may have been made either from very clean bloomery steel (or hypoeutectoid crucible steel) or from mass-made Industrial Age steel (Bessemer, Thomas, Siemens-Martin, etc.). On the other hand, the chemical composition of the sword would rather imply a pre-Industrial Period steel. In conclusion, it is carefully suggested that the weapon may be a genuine Ancient sword, although its final recognition as a Roman Period weapon could only be verified by finds made from similar metal in undoubted Roman Period contexts
Katalog. Katalog. Katalogs, A. Bitner-Wróblewska, T. Nowakiewicz, A. Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz.
in: Archeologiczne dziedzictwo Prus Wschodnich w archiwum Feliksa Jakobsona. Das archäologische V... more in: Archeologiczne dziedzictwo Prus Wschodnich w archiwum Feliksa Jakobsona. Das archäologische Vermächtnis Ostpreußens im Archiv des Feliks Jakobson. Austrumprūsijas arheoloģiskais mantojums Feliksa Jakobsona arhīvā, Aestiorum Hereditas II, Ostbalticum, T. Nowakiewicz ed., Warszawa 2011, 58-511
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Papers by Aleksandra Rzeszotarska Nowakiewicz
ISBN 978-83-66210-06-6
new light on the settlement situation in the late
migration period in Western Pomerania. Such
an artefact is radiate-headed bow fibula, found
accidentally near Chociwel, in the vicinity of the
Płątkowo village (West Pomeranian Voivodeship,
Poland). The brooch is typologically similar to
group ID – type Pleniţa-Tumiany acc. to J. Werner.
The combination of a pair of ‘bird heads’ with
an openwork lyre-shaped ornament also refer
to the fibulae of group IC acc. to J. Werner (Maros-
Gambaş-Pergamon type), including miniature
specimens. Pleniţa-Tumiany fibulae occur
on a vast area between the Adriatic and the Dnieper
river, mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and early Slavic sites in Romania. Generally,
they are dated to the second half of the 6th–
mid-7th cc. In the area of origin group IC fibulae
concentrate mainly in the areas of the Carpathian
Basin and on the lower Danube. IC and ID fibulae
are also represented in the materials of the
Olsztyn group, where they are dated from the
last quarter of the 6th to the end of the first half of
the 7th century. The unique way of decorating the
footplate of the Płątkowo brooch was probably
inspired by the buckles with a lyre-shaped ferrule,
so-called Drachenpaarschnallen. Undecorated
buckles of this type are known primarily from
the areas of Avar settlement in the Transdanubia,
between the Danube and the Tisza rivers,
at the central Tisza river, Transylvania and also
in Slovakia. The dating of undecorated variants
of Drachenpaarschnallen extends to the second
and third thirds of the 7th century. Similar feature
of the fibula from Płątkowo suggests that it
belongs to later versions of the radiate-headed
brooches and can be carefully dated to the first
half of the 7th century IC and I D fibulae were
worn by inhabitants of the multi-ethnic territory
of the Avar state and in areas where the Slavs
were mentioned in sources for the first time in
the 6th century. Płątkowo brooch is currently the
second known example of this type in Western
Pomerania. The first one was found in Rów near
Myślibórz. The question arises whether the two
brooches were made on the spot as imitations of
products from the south, or were they brought
to Western Pomerania as a result of far-reaching
contacts with the inhabitants of the Carpathian
Basin? There is an opinion that in Western Pomerania
the end of the settlement associated with
the tradition of late antiquity occurred in the first
decades of the 6th century. The environmental
data show a rapid cooling and lowering of water
levels in the mid-6th century, although some data
indicate settlement activity at the Odra mouth in
5th–6th centuries. Stabilization of natural conditions
took place at the beginning of the 7th century.
From the mid-7th century, as a result of the
expansion of the Slavic settlement, the cultural
pattern in the Western Pomerania changes. For
the sites located west of the lower Odra, this phenomenon
was confirmed by dendrochronological
dates. To the east of the Odra, settlements dated
from the 8th century were located on the Pyrzyce
Plain, in the Mała Ina valley and in the Myślibórz
Lakeland. The Płątkowo brooch is another finding
giving rise to considerations on the character
of the settlement model changes in West Pomerania
from ‘Germanic’ to ‘Slavonic’. It is probable
that before the Slavic expansion, these areas were
not completely abandoned and there were some
‘surviving’ groups of people functioning in connection
with the communication route between
Scandinavia and the Danube areas, which were
absorbed by the Slavic element.
the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, made an underwater survey in the unnamed
lake (formerly Herrn-See) in the village of Lubanowo (formerly Liebenow) in Western Pomerania. During the underwater
research, weapons, tools and horse harness parts (including chain reins) were found. They are dated mainly to the Roman
Period, but also to the Middle Ages. Some items bear traces of ritual destruction. Parallels may be pointed out with weapons
in Przeworsk culture, and to some extent also in Scandinavia. The site should be attributed to sacrificial military deposits. Its
extraordinary character lies in the fact that so far it is the only site of its type which is still in its ‘lake stage’, i.e. not a marsh
or bog. Most probably it was used by local inhabitants, the people of the Lubusz group.