Interior Architecture

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

Foreword 11 Courses in psychology and anthropology were glaringly absent from my undergraduate and graduate design education. Indeed, a deeper understanding of human behavior and a scholarly approach to design were almost entirely overlooked. I left college with considerable knowledge in form making and very little knowledge in understanding human perception and meaning making. Universal Principles of Design is a resource that helps to fill in some of the gaps, dispel myths, and give sound reasons for much of what is felt intuitively, and yet not fully understood. For years I've been a fan of the HGTV house buying-fixing-renovating shows on TV, and I've never seen one person express a desire for low ceilings, rooms with small windows, or a bad view. Universal Principles of Design guides the designer toward the reasons that people love high, expansive ceilings-the Cathedral Effect-and big windows with beautiful nature views-the Biophilia Effect. And who would have guessed that high ceilings promote creativity and that views of nature are restorative to the sense of well-being? I've never really had reasons as to why some products resonate with many people and others don't, nor did I know that there's a method to calculate the human response. Intuitively, I've always felt that good design coupled with good quality trumped all, and although those two qualities are a big part of the picture, there's much more to consider in the deeper underlying symbols and meanings. Propositional Density looks at meaning in terms of analogies of shape, meaning, and supposition. It gives the designer the ability to calculate the product design's capability to resonate with people. Maybe even more importantly, it gives the designer a way to communicate with a client in terms of supporting the choices that have been made for the design. Universal Principles of Design brought me to a deeper understanding of the human equation in design. There's so much more to design than what meets the eye in surface styling. Human motivation is mysterious and tied to subconscious instincts, perceptions, and influences. Universal Principles of Design reveals the driving forces behind human motivation and brings the designer to an understanding of the intuitive. These principles aren't guesswork. They're real, based on sound research, and they work.

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فهى تشرح كيفية تنفيذ أعمال وتركيبات الكهرباء في المبنى من خلال توضيح أماكن وحدات الإضاءة ومفاتيح الإضـاءة و المآخذ والأجهزة الكهربية الثابتة ولوحات التوزيع
مع توضيح مسارات مواسير أسلاك الكهرباء داخل المبنى
كما تستخدم تلك اللوحة في حساب الكميات وتقدير التكلفة للأعمال الكهربائية في المبنى