Papers by Benjamin Wallura
Medicina Mentis Essays in Honour of Outi Merisalo on the Occasion of her Sixty-Fifth Birthday 9 May 2024 Eds. Marianne Pade, Leonardo Magionami, Susanna Niiranen, Bernd Roling & Raija Sarasti Nordic Journal of Renaissance Studies 22 • 2024, 2024
In the course of his career as medical professor in Rostock and Copenhagen, Georg Detharding (167... more In the course of his career as medical professor in Rostock and Copenhagen, Georg Detharding (1671-1647) published many dissertations and academic programmes at the intersection of medicine and ethics. This article focuses in particular on his Problema medico-morale an expediat peste mori?, published 1709 in Rostock, and his Pestis variolosa in Grönlandia, published 1739 in Copenhagen. As his treatment of the threat of plague in Rostock and a smallpox epidemic in Greenland shows, highly contagious diseases were not only matters of medicine, they also needed the physician's expertise in matters of ethics. Only a good Ethicus, as Detharding says, can make a good Medicus.
Find the whole volume under: https://www.njrs.dk/njrs_22_2024.htm
An Appendix to Coffee in the Bible. Hiob Ludolf, Melchior Leydecker, and the Biblical Delicacy קלי (kali)
Martin Mulsow/Asaph Ben-Tov/Jan Loop (eds.): Ludolf und Wansleben: Orientalistik, Politik und Geschichte zwischen Gotha und Afrika 1650-1700 / Oriental Studies, Politics, and History between Gotha and Africa 1650-1700
Link to the whole volume at Brill:
https://brill.com/display/title/65027
My paper portraits t... more Link to the whole volume at Brill:
https://brill.com/display/title/65027
My paper portraits the correspondence between Hiob Ludolf, the famous orientalist, and Melchior Leydecker, a Protestant minister in the Dutch East Indies, on the Hebrew term קלי („kali“) occuring in several passages of the Old Testament. While Ludolf argues that the term might reflect the well known drink of coffee, Leydecker seriously doubts the possibility that the plant and beverage was known already in ancient biblical times.
The paper presents this so far neglected correspondence and analyses the controversy between Ludolf and Leydecker on coffee as a biblical object.
Leonardo Magionami - Natascha Golob - Outi Merisalo (eds.), Late Medieval and Early Modern Libraries: Knowledge Repositories, Guardians of Tradition and Catalysts of Change, Bibliologia 68 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2023)
On the eve of the Thirty Years War rulers and learned communities in the German territories were ... more On the eve of the Thirty Years War rulers and learned communities in the German territories were quite aware of the necessity to treasure and guard their cultural and historical heritages, i.e. the private, university and monastery libraries and archives. Especially monastic libraries and archives, since the take-off of the Reformation, had often been – out of several reasons – in danger of getting transfered or even dispersed and destroyed.
In territories, such as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the dukes therefore assigned learned figures to chronicle the histories of several monasteries by using the monasteries’ own archival material in order to, not least, contribute also to the history of the lineage. A side-effect of this practice was that considerable amounts of monastic library and archive holdings (and the knowledge that they were offering) became condensed and implemented into the historical works and chronicles which were assigned by or addressed to the dukes. In many ways these works, regularly provided by rectors and historians of the local monastic and Latin schools, turned out to be the real guardians of local tradition and historical knowledge in early modern Lower Saxony. Many of these works became afterwards the quintessence of monastic libraries and archives which, by the turn of the seventeenth century, had already started to fade.
One of these cases appears to be the Chronicon Walkenredense (1617) written by Heinrich Eckstorm (1557‒1622), rector and pastor at the monastic school in Walkenried, which in 1593 had come under the rule of Brunswick-Lüneburg and thus became a target of the ducal archival politics. Eckstorm held close contact to the academic milieu of the local university in Helmstedt and to other near lower schools, such as in Ilfeld. This paper aims to elaborate on his methodological concept in using early modern monastic archives to produce historical writings. Eckstorm’s chronicle was, in many respects, a state-of-the-art product in not only local historiography and archival practice but also Lower Saxon politics at the beginning of seventeenth century.
--------------
Link to the whole volume at Brepols with table of contents and list of contributors:
https://www.brepols.net/products/IS-9782503605975-1
H. Beyer/S. D. Kılıç/B. Roling/B. Wallura (eds.): Alte und neue Philosophie - Aristotelismus und protestantische Gelehrsamkeit in Helmstedt und Europa (1600-1700), Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 2023. (Wolfenbütteler Forschungen) (unter Mitarbeit von Matthias Stelzer)., 2023
This paper analyses the teaching of physics and the development of the physics chair at the unive... more This paper analyses the teaching of physics and the development of the physics chair at the university of Helmstedt inbetween the years 1663-1683 by focusing on two professors: Heinrich Rixner and Justus Cellarius. As I argue, in the turn from one professor to the other in 1673 also the teaching of physics in Helmstedt started to undergo several transformations, i.e. the incorporation of new currents of early modern natural philosophy, such as Gassendi, Descartes, or Boyle.
But, as I try to show, this did not cause a complete abolisment of the traditional Aristotelian and Peripatetic "Schulphilosophie". What took place in Helmstedt was a compromise between "philosophia vetus" and "philosophia nova". In case of physics it meant a gradual shift towards physico-theology.
The study heavily draws on archive material transmitted for the university history of Helmstedt preserved at the Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel and the Niedersächisches Landesarchiv Wolfenbüttel.
Nordic Journal of Renaissance Studies 18: Studia Humanitatis: Essays in Honour of Marianne Pade on the Occasion of her Sixty-Fifth Birthday 8 March 2022, eds. Trine Arlund Hass & Outi Merisalo, 2022
Homer was an epic poet – and a mine of information. To early modern readers, medical and pharmac... more Homer was an epic poet – and a mine of information. To early modern readers, medical and pharmaceutical (if not magical) knowledge appeared to be more than present in the Iliad and the Odyssey. A Homeric plant most heatily discussed was the herb moly (μῶλυ) which Hermes gave to Ulysses in order to protect him from the incantations of Circe (Od. X, 302‒307). This paper will explore some of the most significant debates dedicated to this Homeric plant in early modern iatrophilology.
Published in:
Studia Humanitatis: Essays in Honour of Marianne Pade on the Occasion of her Sixty-Fifth Birthday 8 March 2022
eds. Trine Arlund Hass & Outi Merisalo
Nordic Journal of Renaissance Studies 18 (2022)
Link to the entire volume and the Table of Contents:
https://www.njrs.dk/njrs_18_2022.htm
History of Universities XXXIV/2: Teaching Ethics in Early Modern Europe, 97-111 , 2021
This paper is a case study on the teaching of ethics at the university of Helmstedt in the second... more This paper is a case study on the teaching of ethics at the university of Helmstedt in the second half of the seventeenth century. The argument is centered around Johann Barthold Niemeier, professor for metaphysics, logics, and theology, who over a period of more than thirty years straight thaught ethics in his private lectures. The argument of the paper draws heavily on archive material from the Herzog August Library Wolfenbüttel and the Niedersächsisches Landesarchiv Wolfenbüttel. Especially the numerous thorough and systematic reports ("Rechenschaftsberichte") of Niemeier's lectures shed light on the history of teaching ethics at Helmstedt and on how important in particular Aristotelian moral philosophy, in fact, still was by the end of the seventeenth century.
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/history-of-universities-volume-xxxiv2-9780192857545?cc=gb&lang=en&
F. Schaffenrath/M.T.S. Hernández (eds.): Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Albasitensis. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies (Albacete 2018), Leiden/Bosten, 2020
R. Kaiser/F.J. Noll/C.Selent/S. Spohner/B. Wallura (eds.): Wissen und Geltung. Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zur Dynamik kulturellen Wissens in Mittelalter und Neuzeit (V&R unipress; Berliner Mittelalter- & Frühneuzeitforschung, Bd. 24), Göttingen, 2020
Band 24 Herausgegeben vom Vo rstand des Forums Mittelalter -Renaissance -Frühe Neuzeit mit der Re... more Band 24 Herausgegeben vom Vo rstand des Forums Mittelalter -Renaissance -Frühe Neuzeit mit der Redaktiondes Forums Mittelalter -Renaissance -Frühe Neuzeit, Berlin
B. Roling/B. Schirg (eds.): Boreas Rising. Antiquarianism and national narratives in 17th- and 18th-century Scandinavia (De Gruyter; Transformationen der Antike, Bd. 53), Berlin/Boston, 2019
B. Roling/ B. Schirg/S.H. Bauhaus (eds.): Apotheosis of the North. The Swedish Appropriation of Classical Antiquity around the Baltic Sea and Beyond (1650 to 1800) (De Gruyter; Transformationen der Antike, Bd. 48), Berlin/Boston, 2017
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE, PHILOLOGICA 2/GRAECOLATINA PRAGENSIA, 2016
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE PAG. 69-85 PHILOLOGICA 2 / GRAECOLATINA PRAGENSIA ‚HYMNISCHES' IN DE... more ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE PAG. 69-85 PHILOLOGICA 2 / GRAECOLATINA PRAGENSIA ‚HYMNISCHES' IN DEN LAUDES DEI DES DRACONTIUS Bemerkungen zu einem Lichthymnus (laud. dei 1, 118-137) und einem Gotteshymnus (laud. dei 2, 15-31) BENJAMIN HÜBBE ABSTRACT 'Hymnic elements' in the Laudes Dei of Dracontius Notes on a lux-hymn (laud. dei 1, 118-137) and on a praise of God (laud. dei 2, 15-31) In his paper the author tries to shed light on two hymnic and/or pane-gyrical passages of book 1 and 2 of the Laudes Dei, written by the North African poet Dracontius by the end of the 5th century A. D.: the so called hymn on lux (Drac. laud. dei 1, 118-137) and a hymn on God (Drac. laud. dei 2, 15-31). Under the term of 'hymnic elements' (Hymnisches), to be understood as a collective for hymnic and panegyrical forms as well as their 'pagan' and 'christian' motifs and themes in the Late Antiquity, the author tries to detect specific performative modes of Dracontius' poetical practices in the Laudes Dei. He argues, in order to value the Laudes Dei as a christian work of poetry, that it seems not so much of interest for the poet Dracon-tius to provide a strict exegetical or dogmatic programme via his poetry, but rather to perform the praise of God via a setting of various poetical elements, namely hymnic and panegyrical ones. As the author ' s analysis of the two hymns tries to show, the poets approach to the Bible and the deeds of God as a christian layman is a literary one. In order to praise the christian God, Dracontius uses several hymnic and panegyrical elements and transforms them so that categorizations and dichotomizations like 'pagan' and 'christian' become suspect for the description of his poetry.
K. P. Hofmann/S. Schreiber (eds.), Raumwissen und Wissensräume. Beiträge des interdisziplinären Theorie-Workshops für Nachwuchswissenschaftler_innen, eTopoi, special volume 5 (2015), pp. 156-168, 2015
Forthcoming by Benjamin Wallura
Framing Moses. Biblical Philology and Lutheran Orthodoxy in the Early Modern Baltic Sea Area
Claudia Linde, Jan Loop, Bernd Roling (Hgg.): Oriental Cultures and Scholarship in the Baltic Sea Area (Leiden/Boston: Brill).
Moses had many faces in the early modern history of thought. Being one of the most iconic figures... more Moses had many faces in the early modern history of thought. Being one of the most iconic figures of the biblical personel, he has ever since been a matter of debate among a very diverse range of translators and commentators coming from the ancient world. Not least in seventeenth-century Christian scholarship we encounter a – sometimes very odd – variety of views projected on him: Moses the Egyptian, Moses the politician and legislator, Moses the naturalist and chemisist, Moses the philosopher and many other more. Needless to say: In the history of thought Moses has been framed and re-famed many times.
In particular striking in this regard are the interpretations of Ex 34:27‒35 which, based on the Vulgate translation of Jerome, visualized Moses with his later iconic horns. The exegetical tradition here is vast and this article tries to shed some light on mostly Lutheran interpretations and specualtions on the passage within the biblical philology and Oriental scholarship of the seventeenth-century Baltic sea area. The main focus lies on academic writings from Kopenhagen, Greifswald, Kiel, and Turku.
Art._Caspar Ens, "Belli Dithmarsici Historia" (1593)
Dirk Werle/Uwe Maximilian Korn/Katharina Worms (eds.): Repertorium Epischer Versdichtungen im deutschen Kulturraum des 17. Jahrhunderts
Art._Christian Heinrich Postel, "Der grosse Wittekind" (posthum 1724)
Dirk Werle/Uwe Maximilian Korn/Katharina Worms (eds.): Repertorium Epischer Versdichtungen im deutschen Kulturraum des 17. Jahrhunderts
Christian Heinrich Postel (1658-1705) was a very active opera librettist at the famous Oper am Gä... more Christian Heinrich Postel (1658-1705) was a very active opera librettist at the famous Oper am Gänsemarkt in Hamburg. Around 30 of his librettos are extant to us today, which were all staged in Hamburg and accompanied by the music of renown composers, such as Reinhard Keiser, Johann Philipp Förtsch, or Johann Sigismund Kusser. Inbetween 1697-1701 Postel was also working on an epic poem which remained unfinished and was only posthumously edited by the Hamburg intellectual Christian Friedrich Weichmann in 1724 on demand of Barthold Heinrich Brockes. Its title: "Der grosse Wittekind in einem Helden-Gedichte".
The article gives an overview on Postels life and his work on the "Wittekind". As I argue, Postel was influenced by a tremendous variety of authors from the epic tradition, especially Homer, Vergil, Torquato Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, or Giambattista Marino and many others. The significance of Postels "Wittekind" - due to its fragmentary character - has only scatteredly been valued in modern research and this article tries to give an impression of how well-versed Postel, in fact, was in the epic tradition. For this purpose, I focus on Postel’s practice of imitatio and aemulatio and the various metapoetic hints he provides in the "Wittekind" and in other of his works, such as "Die listige Juno" (1700), one of the first partial translations from Homer's "Ilias" in German alexandrine metre. Postel was very aware of the poetological discussions around 1700 and placed himself confidently within the ‚epic project‘ as it was proposed by poetologists, for instance, such as Martin Opitz or Sigmund von Birken. Postel, indeed, was a poet of a somewhat pan-European profile and had a home in many European vernacluar languages, such as Italian, French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, or Swedish.
About What is Right in Times of Plague. Contagious Debates in Natural Philosophy, Medicine, Law, and Theology at the University of Helmstedt, 1681‒83
Peter Hess (ed.): Managing Pandemics in Early Modern Germany (Spektrum; Publications of the German Studies Association)
In history, epidemics tend to affect not only individual groups but societies as a whole. When hi... more In history, epidemics tend to affect not only individual groups but societies as a whole. When highly contagious diseases, such as the plague, outbursted in early modern societies they naturally became a core theme of discussion also in academic communities. This paper wants to elaborate on some scholars from the Academia Julia in Helmstedt (1576‒1810), the ducal university of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who made attemps to address the issue of the plague inbetween 1657 and 1684, i.e. from the plague outbursts in Brunswick (1657/58) to the outbursts in Wolfenbüttel (1681) and the following threat of plague in Helmstedt. I will follow the discussion through the university faculties at Helmstedt, starting at the philosophical and medical department, and ask how natural philosophers, physicians, jurists, and theologists in Helmstedt tried to answer the question of what is right in times of plague or imminent contagion.
I will follow some of the key publications and present them in the varying contexts of scientific, medical, moral, legal and theological debates taking place at the Academia Julia inbetween 1681 and 1683.
Miscellanea by Benjamin Wallura
Das Curriculum an einer frühneuzeitlichen Universität
HAB Blog, 2020
Ansteckung. Erklärungsansätze frühneuzeitlicher Gelehrten der Universität Helmstedt
HAB Blog, 2020
https://www.hab.de/ansteckung-erklaerungsansaetze-fruehneuzeitlicher-gelehrten-der-universitaet-h... more https://www.hab.de/ansteckung-erklaerungsansaetze-fruehneuzeitlicher-gelehrten-der-universitaet-helmstedt/
From 1680 to 1684 the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg had to face the imminent threat of the plague. By the time it reached Wolfenbüttel in 1681 scholars at the Academia Julia in Helmstedt felt the need to give answers for a subtle natural phenomenon: the spread of highly contagious diseases and the process of contagion.
As the short article shows, Helmstedt scholars drew on established theories of „miasmas“ („noxious particles“), but also on newer corpuscular theories, such as theories of „effluvia“ („outpourings“, „respirations“) as they most prominently were promoted by natural philosophers such as Robert Boyle and several others.
How to Guard and Take Care of a Library at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century? The Bibliotheca Rudolphea within Helmstedt University Library
Ramus Virens - JYU Medieval Studies, 2020
The miscellany is available online under:
https://ramusvirens.home.blog/2020/08/17/how-to-guard-... more The miscellany is available online under:
https://ramusvirens.home.blog/2020/08/17/how-to-guard-and-take-care-of-a-library-at-the-turn-of-the-eighteenth-century-the-bibliotheca-rudolphea-within-helmstedt-university-library/
This short article explores the library practices at the university library of Helmstedt, the Bibliotheca Julia, around 1700. Since Hermann von der Hardt, professor for oriental languages, was appointed librarian of the Helmstedt university library in 1688 and permanent head librarian in 1700 he held a frequent correspondence with his duke, Rudolph August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Shortly before his death in 1704, the duke donated his personal library, the Bibliotheca Rudolphea, to the Helmstedt university library in 1702. Von der Hardt was entrusted with its care. In a so far undescribed document of ten pages entitled „Leges Bibliothecae Rudolpheae instruendae et conservandae“, to be found among their correspondence and written in von der Hardt‘s hand, he suggests 12 rules of how to take care of the Bibliotheca Rudolphea within the Helmstedt university library. These rules, as could be imagined, were relatively restrictive and give us valuable insights into library practices at Helmstedt.
Books by Benjamin Wallura
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Papers by Benjamin Wallura
Find the whole volume under: https://www.njrs.dk/njrs_22_2024.htm
https://brill.com/display/title/65027
My paper portraits the correspondence between Hiob Ludolf, the famous orientalist, and Melchior Leydecker, a Protestant minister in the Dutch East Indies, on the Hebrew term קלי („kali“) occuring in several passages of the Old Testament. While Ludolf argues that the term might reflect the well known drink of coffee, Leydecker seriously doubts the possibility that the plant and beverage was known already in ancient biblical times.
The paper presents this so far neglected correspondence and analyses the controversy between Ludolf and Leydecker on coffee as a biblical object.
In territories, such as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the dukes therefore assigned learned figures to chronicle the histories of several monasteries by using the monasteries’ own archival material in order to, not least, contribute also to the history of the lineage. A side-effect of this practice was that considerable amounts of monastic library and archive holdings (and the knowledge that they were offering) became condensed and implemented into the historical works and chronicles which were assigned by or addressed to the dukes. In many ways these works, regularly provided by rectors and historians of the local monastic and Latin schools, turned out to be the real guardians of local tradition and historical knowledge in early modern Lower Saxony. Many of these works became afterwards the quintessence of monastic libraries and archives which, by the turn of the seventeenth century, had already started to fade.
One of these cases appears to be the Chronicon Walkenredense (1617) written by Heinrich Eckstorm (1557‒1622), rector and pastor at the monastic school in Walkenried, which in 1593 had come under the rule of Brunswick-Lüneburg and thus became a target of the ducal archival politics. Eckstorm held close contact to the academic milieu of the local university in Helmstedt and to other near lower schools, such as in Ilfeld. This paper aims to elaborate on his methodological concept in using early modern monastic archives to produce historical writings. Eckstorm’s chronicle was, in many respects, a state-of-the-art product in not only local historiography and archival practice but also Lower Saxon politics at the beginning of seventeenth century.
--------------
Link to the whole volume at Brepols with table of contents and list of contributors:
https://www.brepols.net/products/IS-9782503605975-1
But, as I try to show, this did not cause a complete abolisment of the traditional Aristotelian and Peripatetic "Schulphilosophie". What took place in Helmstedt was a compromise between "philosophia vetus" and "philosophia nova". In case of physics it meant a gradual shift towards physico-theology.
The study heavily draws on archive material transmitted for the university history of Helmstedt preserved at the Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel and the Niedersächisches Landesarchiv Wolfenbüttel.
Published in:
Studia Humanitatis: Essays in Honour of Marianne Pade on the Occasion of her Sixty-Fifth Birthday 8 March 2022
eds. Trine Arlund Hass & Outi Merisalo
Nordic Journal of Renaissance Studies 18 (2022)
Link to the entire volume and the Table of Contents:
https://www.njrs.dk/njrs_18_2022.htm
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/history-of-universities-volume-xxxiv2-9780192857545?cc=gb&lang=en&
Forthcoming by Benjamin Wallura
In particular striking in this regard are the interpretations of Ex 34:27‒35 which, based on the Vulgate translation of Jerome, visualized Moses with his later iconic horns. The exegetical tradition here is vast and this article tries to shed some light on mostly Lutheran interpretations and specualtions on the passage within the biblical philology and Oriental scholarship of the seventeenth-century Baltic sea area. The main focus lies on academic writings from Kopenhagen, Greifswald, Kiel, and Turku.
The article gives an overview on Postels life and his work on the "Wittekind". As I argue, Postel was influenced by a tremendous variety of authors from the epic tradition, especially Homer, Vergil, Torquato Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, or Giambattista Marino and many others. The significance of Postels "Wittekind" - due to its fragmentary character - has only scatteredly been valued in modern research and this article tries to give an impression of how well-versed Postel, in fact, was in the epic tradition. For this purpose, I focus on Postel’s practice of imitatio and aemulatio and the various metapoetic hints he provides in the "Wittekind" and in other of his works, such as "Die listige Juno" (1700), one of the first partial translations from Homer's "Ilias" in German alexandrine metre. Postel was very aware of the poetological discussions around 1700 and placed himself confidently within the ‚epic project‘ as it was proposed by poetologists, for instance, such as Martin Opitz or Sigmund von Birken. Postel, indeed, was a poet of a somewhat pan-European profile and had a home in many European vernacluar languages, such as Italian, French, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, or Swedish.
I will follow some of the key publications and present them in the varying contexts of scientific, medical, moral, legal and theological debates taking place at the Academia Julia inbetween 1681 and 1683.
Miscellanea by Benjamin Wallura
The miscellany deals with late seventeenth-century lecture reports ('Monatszettel', 'Rechenschaftsberichte') from the University of Helmstedt. Their analysis provides insights into early modern teaching agendas and curricula.
Some of the Helmstedt lecture reports are available online in transcribed form: http://uni-helmstedt.hab.de/index.php?cPage=4&sPage=rsb
From 1680 to 1684 the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg had to face the imminent threat of the plague. By the time it reached Wolfenbüttel in 1681 scholars at the Academia Julia in Helmstedt felt the need to give answers for a subtle natural phenomenon: the spread of highly contagious diseases and the process of contagion.
As the short article shows, Helmstedt scholars drew on established theories of „miasmas“ („noxious particles“), but also on newer corpuscular theories, such as theories of „effluvia“ („outpourings“, „respirations“) as they most prominently were promoted by natural philosophers such as Robert Boyle and several others.
https://ramusvirens.home.blog/2020/08/17/how-to-guard-and-take-care-of-a-library-at-the-turn-of-the-eighteenth-century-the-bibliotheca-rudolphea-within-helmstedt-university-library/
This short article explores the library practices at the university library of Helmstedt, the Bibliotheca Julia, around 1700. Since Hermann von der Hardt, professor for oriental languages, was appointed librarian of the Helmstedt university library in 1688 and permanent head librarian in 1700 he held a frequent correspondence with his duke, Rudolph August of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Shortly before his death in 1704, the duke donated his personal library, the Bibliotheca Rudolphea, to the Helmstedt university library in 1702. Von der Hardt was entrusted with its care. In a so far undescribed document of ten pages entitled „Leges Bibliothecae Rudolpheae instruendae et conservandae“, to be found among their correspondence and written in von der Hardt‘s hand, he suggests 12 rules of how to take care of the Bibliotheca Rudolphea within the Helmstedt university library. These rules, as could be imagined, were relatively restrictive and give us valuable insights into library practices at Helmstedt.
Books by Benjamin Wallura