Mariann Hauge

Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Strategic Analyses and Joint Systems, Department Member

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I received my M.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1994 and my Ph.D. from the Department of Informatics, University of Oslo in 2007. I currently hold a principal research scientist position at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI). My research interest includes both unicast and multicast routing as well as QoS and resource management in heterogeneous mobile wireless ad hoc networks.

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Papers by Mariann Hauge

Interoperable, adaptable, information exchange in NATO coalition operations

Journal of Military Studies, 2022

This paper summarises our work on policy-enabled inter-network routing for mobile networks and ad... more This paper summarises our work on policy-enabled inter-network routing for mobile networks and adapting information services to available networking resources in tactical networks. The work shows promise; both the policy routing and adaptive service infrastructure were part of successful interoperability trials in the Coalition Warrior Interoperability eXercise (CWIX) in 2021. This paper highlights our findings, how our work can support interoperability in NATO, and represents an enabler for future coalition operations. Although promising, the work involves research and concept development, and so, we anticipate its timeframe for seeing actual operational use as likely 3–5 years from now, typically targeting future developments within Federated Mission Networking (FMN). In our work, we have shown that we can build a federated mobile network by using a reactive routing protocol that supports policy routing in a network overlay for use in a coalition. Further, we have shown that we ca...

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Publish/Subscribe Versus a Content-Based Approach for Information Dissemination

MILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), 2018

NATO has identified the WS-Notification standard from OASIS to support event-driven communication... more NATO has identified the WS-Notification standard from OASIS to support event-driven communication in the NATO enterprise and when building coalition networks. Using this standard promotes interoperability. However, there is significant overhead associated with WS-Notification since it is built on SOAP Web services (WS). Overhead can be problematic in networks with scarce resources. In this paper we perform a small-scale comparative evaluation of overhead of WS-Notification with another publish/subscribe standard: Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). We also measure how these standards compare to the novel approach of content-based networking under the same networking conditions. We use the Named Data Networking (NDN) flavor of content-based networking for our experiment. Though fundamentally different, these approaches can be used to realize the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm. The drawback of standard publish/subscribe approaches is that they usually rely on a broker, which constitutes a single point of failure. NDN, on the other hand, has no broker which makes it interesting to consider for tactical networks. We use NATO Friendly Force Information (NFFI), which is much used for friendly force tracking, as the data format for the payload in all our tests. In the paper we focus on the respective approaches' network resource consumption. Based on the results we argue that the content-based approach seems promising and should be investigated further.

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Tactical Router Interoperability: Concepts and Experiments

MILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), 2018

Interoperability on the lower tactical levels, e.g. in a multinational battalion or team, poses c... more Interoperability on the lower tactical levels, e.g. in a multinational battalion or team, poses challenges because of the high degree of mobility and limited data capacity at the tactical edge. Enabling such multi-national teams with direct connectivity can be beneficial since it allows the combination of capabilities from multiple nations and shortens reaction times compared to traditional hierarchical communication models. One target approach for interoperability on these levels is the realization of an IP-based tactical coalition network, in which nations can use different radio equipment, as well as different tactical routers. This paper provides an overview of routing architecture approaches to create heterogeneous tactical networks and focuses on tests and experiments that have been carried out during CWIX 2018 for one of these approaches. In these tests The Netherlands and Germany have shown that multiple national routing domains can be connected via both an embedded and an external route redistribution interface to create IP connectivity between units at the lower tactical level. This approach requires a connected coalition routing domain to which national routing domains connect. The results of the tests can provide input for discussion towards an FMN specification for mobile tactical networks.

Specification of Detailed Requirements for Ad-hoc Network, Final Version

This document lists overall requirements of the ADHOCSYS network. Detailed guidelines are also pr... more This document lists overall requirements of the ADHOCSYS network. Detailed guidelines are also provided for the future research that will be performed in Work Package 2. A separate deliverable, D5, has been prepared to define detailed requirements and research guidelines for what concerns the power supply management aspects of the network. All potential problems are taken into consideration in order to provide a reliable broadband Internet access solution to people who live in rural and mountain regions where DSL is not available, also considering persons living outside towns and villages. Overall design implications have been specifically oriented to the particular mountain and rural outdoor environment. A few different scenarios have been proposed, ranging from the more complex (wide, heterogeneous, Internet connected network) to the simpler stub sensor network. The following requirements are targeted at the major scenario where an ADHOCSYS network is connected to the global Inter...

On improving connectivity and network efficiency in a heterogeneous military environment

2015 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS), 2015

ABSTRACT In this article, we examine some major challenges to be solved in order to provide effic... more ABSTRACT In this article, we examine some major challenges to be solved in order to provide efficient end-to-end connectivity, resource management and QoS in a tactical military heterogeneous network (including the mobile edge). We briefly describe a selected set of possible solutions and mechanisms to improve inter-domain and intra-domain networking for the tactical heterogeneous network that will be further studied in the NATO STO IST-124/RTG-061 group “Heterogeneous tactical networks - improving connectivity and network efficiency”.

Admission control and flow termination in mobile ad-hoc networks with Pre-congestion Notification

MILCOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Military Communications Conference, 2012

ABSTRACT MANETs (mobile ad-hoc networks) are already starting to get deployed in tactical setting... more ABSTRACT MANETs (mobile ad-hoc networks) are already starting to get deployed in tactical settings. In such networks, where capacity is limited compared to wired networks, QoS mechanisms are needed in order to serve high priority traffic with acceptable quality under both light and heavy load conditions. A crucial part of a QoS architecture is the admission control mechanism, making decisions on whether new flows may be admitted into the network based on the current traffic situation. The IETF is currently standardizing an architecture for admission control and flow termination for wired DiffServ domains, named Pre-congestion Notification (PCN). In this paper the possibility of applying the PCN mechanisms to wireless MANETs is studied. MANET specific challenges are discussed, as well as necessary modifications to the PCN mechanisms. Simulation results are presented, identifying the introduction of probing as a key measure in order to reduce the amount of signaling and to base admission decisions on fresh network status information.

Resilient internetwork routing over heterogeneous mobile military networks

MILCOM 2015 - 2015 IEEE Military Communications Conference, 2015

Mobile networks in the military tactical domain, include a range of radio networks with very dive... more Mobile networks in the military tactical domain, include a range of radio networks with very diverse characteristics and which may be employed differently from operation to operation. When interconnecting networks with dissimilar characteristics (e.g. capacity, range, mobility) a difficult trade-off is to fully utilize the diverse network characteristics while minimizing the cost. To support the ever increasing requirements for future operations it is necessary to provide tools to quickly alter the rule-set during an ongoing operation, due to a change in operation and/or to support different needs. Our contribution is a routing protocol which targets these challenges. We propose an architecture to connect networks with different characteristics. One key point is that low capacity links/networks segments can be included in the heterogeneous network, these segments are protected from overload by controlling where and when signaling/data traffic is sent. The protocol supports traffic policing, including resource reservation. The other key point is the ability to quickly alter the network policy (rules-set) including QoS support during an operation or from operation to operation.

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Selected issues of qos provision in heterogenous military networks

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, 2014

Abstract—Tactical ad-hoc networks are evolving today towards complex heterogeneous networks in te... more Abstract—Tactical ad-hoc networks are evolving today towards complex heterogeneous networks in terms of architecture, pro-tocols and security. Due to the difference in network resources and reliability, end-to-end quality of service provisioning becomes very challenging. If we also take into account communication issues such as unpredictable connectivity, preferential forwarding for special traffic classes, intermittency due to node or commu-nication link failure, the problem is further aggravated. In this article, we examine the major challenges that must be solved in order to provide efficient QoS provisioning in the heterogeneous network. Finally we describe QoS-aware mechanisms for inter-domain and intra-domain heterogeneous networks, also including real-time services provision in highly mobile environments. Keywords—E2E QoS, connectivity, routing, heterogenous net-works I.

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ADHOCSYS Deliverable D4 Project No. 026548, ADHOCSYS Deliverable D4

The angloval tactical military scenario and experimentation environment

2018 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS), 2018

The Anglova scenario is designed to support experimentation with tactical networking environments... more The Anglova scenario is designed to support experimentation with tactical networking environments and provides node mobility and network connectivity for a realistic battalion-sized military operation consisting of three vignettes, including the deployment of armored vehicles, surveillance of the maritime domain and an urban operation with a naval component. Altogether, the scenario includes 283 nodes and lasts over four hours with detailed mobility and pathloss data for each node. Also included with the scenario are radio models for the different radios that would be part of a heterogeneous network. The scenario has been developed by the NATO IST-124 Research Task Group and released into the public domain in order to facilitate experimentation with networking protocols and algorithms by the community at large. While primarily designed for the Extendable Mobile Ad-hoc Network Emulator (EMANE), the scenario can also be adapted to other experimentation environments.

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Exploitation of spatio-temporal correlations of traffic in ad hoc wireless networks

This report contributes to work on improving stability and capacity of military mobile ad hoc wir... more This report contributes to work on improving stability and capacity of military mobile ad hoc wireless networks (MANET). This improvement is necessary in order to provide the flexibility, capacity and robustness that are needed to support high maturity levels of NATO NEC (Network Enabled Capability). The report elaborates on search methods for available link capacities in such networks based on sparse measurements of local traffic load and information of the location of nodes. Wireless communication produces electromagnetic radiation that may indicate the level of local traffic load. A stochastic (scalar) field Z can formally represent the intensity of local traffic load. Access to estimates of such fields can therefore help to optimize the routing function and improve network availability for mission critical information. The field Z will normally exhibit spatial and temporal correlations enabling reconstruction of the value of the field from sparse measurements. A contribution in this report is the formulation, implementation and illustration of a method to reconstruct time varying stochastic fields from sparse measurement samples. The crosscorrelation of the field decreases gradually with increased distance in time and space. Rapporten presenterer også en skalerbar metode for å simulere det elektromagnetiske feltet. Denne metoden kan bli brukt i en nettverkssimulator for å redusere kompleksiteten ved simulering av de foreslåtte metodene for rekonstruksjon av slike felter. Dette kan ha relevans for å studere effekter av at trafikkgenererende hendelser kan utløse sekundaere hendelser som er viktige å ta hensyn til for ruteprotokollen. De foreslåtte metodene er av interesse for utvikling av enkle metoder for å utnytte korrelasjoner i datatrafikk. Rapporten argumenterer for at enkle metoder ofte kan vaere mer generelt relevante sammenlignet med komplekse metoder når en har lite tilgang på realistiske data. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Sample strategies for traffic monitoring 3 Rapid accumulation and distribution of network traffic information 4 Kriging 4.1 Spatial and spatio-temporal kriging 4.2 Spatial kriging 4.3 Spatio-temporal kriging

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Nettverksarkitektur for heterogene mobile taktiske kommunikasjonsnettverk

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Experimental Evaluation of Named Data Networking (NDN) in Tactical Environments

MILCOM 2019 - 2019 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), 2019

Tactical edge networks represent a uniquely challenging environment from the communications persp... more Tactical edge networks represent a uniquely challenging environment from the communications perspective, due to their limited bandwidth and high node mobility. Several middleware communication solutions have been proposed to address those issues, adopting an evolutionary design approach that requires facing quite a few complications to provide applications with a suited network programming model while building on top of the TCP/IP stack. Information Centric Networking (ICN), instead, represents a revolutionary, clean slate approach that aims at replacing the entire TCP/IP stack with a new communication paradigm, better suited to cope with fluctuating channel conditions and network disruptions. This paper, stemmed from research conducted within NATO IST-161 RTG, investigates the effectiveness of Named Data Networking (NDN), the de facto standard implementation of ICN, in the context of tactical edge networks and its potential for adoption. We evaluated an NDN-based Blue Force Trackin...

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Multi-topology routing - QoS functionality and results from CoNSIS field experiment

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Intelligent Tactical IP Router

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Extending the Anglova Scenario for Urban Operations

2019 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS), 2019

The Anglova scenario was developed as part of the NATO IST-124 Research Task Group on Improving C... more The Anglova scenario was developed as part of the NATO IST-124 Research Task Group on Improving Connectivity and Network Efficiency in Heterogeneous Tactical Networks. Since then, it has been successfully used to conduct emulation-based experimentation by multiple groups. This paper describes extensions to the Anglova scenario for the purpose of experimentation within an Urban environment. In particular, the focus is on Vignette 3 and its extension for the new IST-168 Research Task Group on Adaptive Information Processing and Distribution for Command and Control.

Taktisk radio i felteksperiment og metode for rekkeviddemåling for trådløs datakommunikasjon

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Considerations on the Adoption of Named Data Networking (NDN) in Tactical Environments

2019 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS)

Mobile military networks are uniquely challenging to build and maintain, because of their wireles... more Mobile military networks are uniquely challenging to build and maintain, because of their wireless nature and the unfriendliness of the environment, resulting in unreliable and capacity limited performance. Currently, most tactical networks implement TCP/IP, which was designed for fairly stable, infrastructure-based environments, and requires sophisticated and often application-specific extensions to address the challenges of the communication scenario. Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a clean slate networking approach that does not depend on stable connections to retrieve information and naturally provides support for node mobility and delay/disruption tolerant communications – as a result it is particularly interesting for tactical applications. However, despite ICN seems to offer some structural benefits for tactical environments over TCP/IP, a number of challenges including naming, security, performance tuning, etc., still need to be addressed for practical adoption. This document, prepared within NATO IST-161 RTG, evaluates the effectiveness of Named Data Networking (NDN), the de facto standard implementation of ICN, in the context of tactical edge networks and its potential for adoption.

Limiting the flooding of simplified multicast forwarding to a defined scope

2018 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS), 2018

We discuss efficient methods for delivering traffic to a group of receivers that is expected to b... more We discuss efficient methods for delivering traffic to a group of receivers that is expected to be in close proximity of each other. The methods are based on techniques for efficient flooding of the whole network. If the network covers a large military unit such as a battalion and the data is meant for one company, it is not resource efficient to flood the data to the whole battalion. Therefore, in this article we discuss improvements to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) that can limit SMF's flooding of a packet to a smaller segment of the network. We also propose a method where the new SMF techniques are used in conjunction with connectionless multicast (Xcast) to improve the flexibility and robustness of the forwarding method.

Inter-network interoperability for heterogeneous networks at the tactical edge

2020 Military Communications and Information Systems Conference (MilCIS)

Combining several mobile networks in order to build a federated network at the tactical edge is a... more Combining several mobile networks in order to build a federated network at the tactical edge is a challenge because of the high degree of mobility and limited data capacity available in these networks. Providing the different partners in a coalition with direct connectivity at the tactical edge can be beneficial since it allows for better cooperation between capabilities from multiple nations and shortens reaction times compared to traditional hierarchical communication models. This paper describes an experiment performed at the Coalition Warrior Interoperability eXercise (CWIX) 2019 with a Depth First Search (DFS) routing protocol that can be used as an inter-network routing protocol to build a federated network. Norway, the Netherlands and Germany participated in proof of concept tests of the routing protocol that showed that the protocol was functionally able to provide connectivity in all the selected use-cases. The results of the tests will be input to discussions regarding future spirals for the Federated Mission Networking (FMN) specifications.

Mariann Hauge

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