Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/standaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

The past stem derives from an innovated extended form of the root, Pre-Germanic perfect singular *stéh₂-t-, nonsingular *sth₂-t-´, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. The process that led to this extension is unknown, however. The present stem is an n-infixed stem derived from the innovated past tense, Pre-Germanic *sth₂-n-t-´.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɑn.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*standaną

1. to stand

   Synonym: *stāną

Inflection

Present tense with n-infix. The past tense forms are shared with the synonymous suppletive verb *stāną.

Conjugation of *standaną (strong class 6)

	active voice				passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*standō	*standaų	—		*standai	?
2nd singular	*standizi	*standaiz	*stand		*standazai	*standaizau
3rd singular	*standidi	*standai	*standadau		*standadai	*standaidau
1st dual	*standōz	*standaiw	—		—	—
2nd dual	*standadiz	*standaidiz	*standadiz		—	—
1st plural	*standamaz	*standaim	—		*standandai	*standaindau
2nd plural	*standid	*standaid	*standid		*standandai	*standaindau
3rd plural	*standandi	*standain	*standandau		*standandai	*standaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stōþ	*stōdį̄
2nd singular	*stōst	*stōdīz
3rd singular	*stōþ	*stōdī
1st dual	*stōdū	*stōdīw
2nd dual	*stōdudiz	*stōdīdiz
1st plural	*stōdum	*stōdīm
2nd plural	*stōdud	*stōdīd
3rd plural	*stōdun	*stōdīn
	present	past
participles	*standandz	*stadanaz

Derived terms

• *andastandaną
• *atstandaną
• *bistandaną
• *furaistandaną
• *stassiz
• *stōdijaną
• *understandaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *standan
  • Old English: standan, stondan
    • Middle English: stonden, stande, standen, stonde
      • English: stand
        • → Ido: standar
        • → Norman: stanner, sténer
        • Sranan Tongo: tan
      • Middle Scots: stand
        • Scots: staund, staand, stan, stand, staun, stawn
      • Yola: sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane, stone
  • Old Frisian: standa, stonda
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: stun

      Goesharde: stoune

      Halligen: stööne

      Mooring: stönje

      Sylt: staan

      Wiedingharde: stuine

    • Saterland Frisian: stounde
  • Old Saxon: standan
    • Middle Low German: standen, *stenden (attested in imperative stant)
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: *bîstanden, bîstenden
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: entweistanden
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: standinge
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: ümmestanden
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: understanden
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: upstanden
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: vörstenden
      • ⇒ Middle Low German: wedderstanden
  • Old Dutch: *standan
    • Middle Dutch: standen
      • Dutch: standen (archaic or dialectal)
  • Old High German: stantan, standan
    • Middle High German: standen
      • German: standen (dialectal)
• Old Norse: standa
  • Icelandic: standa
  • Faroese: standa
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: stande, standa (non-standard since 2012)
  • Old Swedish: standa
    • Swedish: stånda (poetic)
  • Old Danish:
    • Danish: stande (poetic)
• Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan)