Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level 5/Technology

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Random level 5 vital article in Technology

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The progress bar is auto-updated via category count, and the symbols and article counts are updated daily by User:cewbot. Please read the FAQ before modifying the article list.

Quota 3,200 articles.

Total 3,262 articles.

Class	#Articles
FA	22
GA	71
A	2
B	697
C	1,715
LIST	6
FFA	61
DGA	85
Start	722
Stub	27

Technology

This section contains 3262 articles.

Technology: General

This section contains 20 articles.

1. Technology (Level 1)
2. Applied science
3. Appropriate technology
4. Emerging technologies
5. Innovation
6. Invention (Level 4)
7. Maintenance
8. Miniaturization
9. Problem solving
   1. Heuristic
10. Research and development
11. Scientific instrument
12. Simulation
13. Technological convergence
14. Technological determinism
15. Technology adoption life cycle
16. Technology and society
17. Technology assessment
18. Technology life cycle
19. Technology transfer

Creativity, Vocational education, Intellectual property and Patent are listed in the Society and Social Sciences section; Industrial design in the Arts section.
For history of technology, see History#History of science and technology section.

Engineering

This section contains 65 articles.

Basics

This section contains 65 articles.

1. Engineering (Level 2)
2. Nanotechnology (Level 4)
   1. Molecular machine
3. Nuclear technology (Level 4)
4. Technical drawing (Level 4)
5. Engineering ethics
6. Risk management
7. Engineering management
8. Engineering design process
   1. Requirements analysis
   2. Feasibility study
9. Computer-aided design
10. Engineering economics
11. Reverse engineering

Disciplines

This section contains 51 articles.

1. Agricultural engineering
2. Applied mechanics
3. Biological engineering
   1. Biochemical engineering
   2. Biomedical engineering (Level 4)
   3. Pharmaceutical engineering
4. Ceramic engineering
5. Chemical engineering (Level 4)
   1. Chemical reaction engineering
   2. Nuclear engineering
   3. Molecular engineering
   4. Petroleum engineering
   5. Process engineering
   6. Polymer engineering
6. Civil engineering (Level 3)
   1. Architectural engineering (Level 4)
   2. Construction engineering
      1. Demolition
   3. Earthquake engineering
   4. Environmental engineering
   5. Geotechnical engineering
      1. Directional drilling
   6. Hydraulic engineering
   7. Mining engineering
   8. Structural engineering
   9. Transportation engineering
   10. Highway engineering
7. Electrical engineering (Level 4)
   1. Computer engineering
8. Energy engineering
   1. Power engineering
   2. Telecommunications engineering
   3. Electronics engineering
   4. Control engineering
   5. Radio-frequency engineering
9. Engineering physics
10. Industrial engineering (Level 4)
    1. Computer-aided engineering
    2. Manufacturing engineering
11. Mechanical engineering (Level 3)
    1. Aerospace engineering (Level 4)
    2. Mechatronics
    3. Railway engineering
    4. Marine engineering
    5. Automotive engineering
12. Military engineering (Level 4)
13. Sanitary engineering
14. Security engineering
15. Software engineering (Level 4)
16. Structural analysis
17. Systems engineering

Agriculture

This section contains 234 articles. See Agriculture in the Society category; also see History of Agriculture and related articles under History, or the Everyday life category for basic agricultural products

Basics

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Agrochemical
2. Arable land
3. Crop (Level 4)
   1. Cash crop
   2. Nonfood crop
   3. Fiber crop
4. Agricultural machinery
5. Agricultural cycle
   1. Growing season
   2. Season extension
6. Agricultural land
7. Pasture

Academic disciplines

This section contains 10 articles.

1. Agricultural science (Level 4)
2. Agricultural chemistry
3. Agricultural economics
4. Agricultural soil science
5. Agroecology
6. Agricultural policy
7. Agricultural geography
8. Agricultural education
   1. Agricultural extension
9. Agrometeorology

• Also see Agricultural engineering in the Engineering section

Forms of agriculture

This section contains 42 articles.

1. Beekeeping (Level 4)
2. Dairy (Level 4)
   1. Dairy farming
3. Dryland farming
4. Desert farming
5. Rainfed agriculture
6. Extensive farming
7. Gardening (Level 4)
8. Intensive farming (Level 4)
9. Mechanised agriculture
10. Monoculture
11. Orchard (Level 4)
12. Organic farming (Level 4)
13. Genetically modified crops
14. Sustainable agriculture (Level 4)
15. Permaculture
16. Subsistence agriculture (Level 4)
17. Urban agriculture
18. Pastoralism
19. Plantation
20. Shifting cultivation
21. Regenerative agriculture
22. Intensive animal farming
23. Free range
24. Hydroponics
25. Sericulture
26. Viticulture
27. Fungiculture
28. Olericulture
29. Slash-and-burn agriculture
30. Vertical farming
31. Polyculture
    1. Multiple cropping
    2. Intercropping

Aquaculture

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Aquaculture (Level 4)
2. Mariculture
3. Algaculture
4. Fish farming
5. Freshwater prawn farming
6. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
7. Marine shrimp farming
8. Seaweed farming

Pest and disease control

This section contains 24 articles.

1. Pest control
2. Aerial application
3. Biological pest control
4. Integrated pest management
5. Pest (organism)
6. Scarecrow
7. Soil steam sterilization

Chemical pest control

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Pesticide (Level 4)
2. Acaricide
3. Agent Orange
4. Aldrin
5. Chemosterilant
6. DDT
7. Defoliant
8. Fumigation
9. Fungicide
10. Herbicide
11. Insecticide
12. Lindane
13. Malathion
14. Methoxychlor
15. Rodenticide
16. Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
17. Toxaphene

Buildings and infrastructure

This section contains 29 articles.

1. Apiary
2. Barn (Level 4)
3. Farm (Level 4)
4. Fish hatchery
5. Granary (Level 4)
6. Grain elevator
7. Greenhouse
8. Orangery
9. Paddy field
10. Pavilion
11. Plant nursery
12. Raised field
    1. Chinampa
    2. Waru Waru
13. Seedbed
14. Shed
15. Silo (Level 4)
16. Stable (Level 4)
17. Terrace (earthworks)
18. Ranch

Gardens

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Garden (Level 3)
2. Arboretum
3. Botanical garden
4. Chinese garden
5. English landscape garden
6. French formal garden
7. Japanese garden
8. Persian gardens
9. Spanish garden

Animal husbandry

This section contains 22 articles.

1. Animal husbandry (Level 3)
2. Animal slaughter
3. Breed (Level 4)
4. Culling
5. Domestication (Level 3)
6. Goat farming
7. Horseshoe
8. Animal feed
   1. Fodder
      1. Hay (Level 4)
      2. Straw
   2. Forage
   3. Fish meal
9. Livestock (Level 4)
10. Pig farming
11. Poultry farming
12. Selective breeding (Level 4)
    1. Animal breeding
    2. Purebred
13. Sheep farming
14. Slaughterhouse
15. Antibiotic use in livestock

Agronomy

This section contains 29 articles.

Basics

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Agronomy (Level 4)
2. Plant breeding (Level 4)
   1. Cultivar (Level 4)
3. Crop yield

Agronomical techniques

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Harvest (Level 4)
   1. Threshing
   2. Winnowing
2. Irrigation (Level 3)
3. Tillage (Level 4)
4. Silage
5. Sowing
6. Postharvest

Soil and nutrient management

This section contains 17 articles. See "Pedology" in Earth Science

1. Nutrient management
2. Beneficial organism
3. Cover crop
4. Crop rotation
   1. Norfolk four-course system
   2. Three-field system
5. Fertilizer (Level 3)
   1. Compost
   2. Vermicompost
   3. Green manure
   4. Guano
   5. Manure
6. Mulch
   1. Plastic mulch
7. Nitrogen fixation
8. No-till farming
9. Soil salinity control

Horticulture

This section contains 40 articles.

1. Horticulture (Level 4)
2. Espalier
3. Floriculture
4. Grafting
5. Layering (horticulture)
6. Plant propagation
7. Pollarding
8. Pollination management
9. Pruning
10. Smudge pot
11. Topiary
12. Transplanting
13. Basal shoot
14. Pomology
15. Companion planting
16. Genetically modified tree
17. Indigenous horticulture
18. Urban horticulture
19. Hardiness (plants)
    1. Hardiness zone
20. Drought tolerance
21. Tropical horticulture

Hunting and fishing

This section contains 18 articles.

1. Fishery
2. Bottom trawling
3. Fishing line
   1. Longline fishing
4. Fishing net
   1. Gillnetting
   2. Seine fishing
5. Fishing rod
   1. Fish hook
   2. Fishing lure
   3. Fishing reel
   4. Fishing float
6. Fish trap
   1. Crab trap
   2. Fishing weir
   3. Lobster trap
7. Trapping
   1. Bait

Trees and forestry

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Agroforestry
2. Arboriculture
3. Logging
4. Silviculture
5. Coppicing
6. Controlled burn

Agriculture, labor and economy

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Community-supported agriculture
   1. Teikei
2. Corporate farming
3. Family farm
4. Agricultural cooperative
5. Agribusiness
6. Agricultural marketing
7. Sharecropping
8. Tenant farmer

Working animal

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Working animal
2. Draft horse
3. Guide dog
4. Ox
5. Pack animal
6. Police dog
7. Service animal
8. Sled dog

Agriculture and ecology

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Environmental impact of agriculture
2. Agricultural expansion
3. Agricultural pollution

Agricultural machinery and tools

See "Agricultural tools" and "Farm and Garden Machinery" in Technology : Machinery and tools

Biotechnology

This section contains 45 articles. See also : Selective Breeding in Agriculture; Fermentation in Biology

1. Biotechnology (Level 3)
2. Agricultural biotechnology
3. Anaerobic digestion
4. Biochip
5. Bioleaching
6. Biological hazard
7. Biomaterial
8. Biomimetics
9. Biomining
10. Biopharmaceutical
11. Bioreactor
12. Bioterrorism
13. Cell culture
    1. Plant tissue culture
14. Cloning (Level 4)
    1. Somatic cell nuclear transfer
15. Cyborg
    1. Brain–computer interface
16. De-extinction
17. DNA microarray
18. Environmental biotechnology
19. Gel electrophoresis (Level 4)
20. Gene therapy
21. Genetic engineering (Level 4)
22. Genetic testing
23. Genome editing
24. Induced pluripotent stem cell
25. Micropropagation
26. Nuclear transfer
27. Organ printing
28. Pharmacogenomics
29. Pharming (genetics)
30. Polymerase chain reaction (Level 4)
31. Protein engineering
32. Recombinant DNA
    1. CRISPR gene editing
    2. Genetically modified organism (Level 4)
    3. Molecular cloning
33. Stem-cell therapy
34. Somatic fusion
35. Synthetic biology
36. Synthetic biopolymer
37. Tissue engineering
38. Western blot
39. Whole genome sequencing

Computing and information technology

This section contains 571 articles. For abstract topics in computer science, see Mathematics: Theoretical computer science (Level 5)

Basics

This section contains 13 articles.

1. Computing (Level 4)
2. Information technology (Level 4)
   1. Information retrieval
3. Abacus (Level 4)
4. Calculator (Level 4)
5. Slide rule
6. Digital data (Level 4)
   1. Data communication (Level 4)
   2. Metadata
7. File sharing
8. Human–computer interaction
9. Informatics
10. Open source

Computer science

This section contains 36 articles.

1. Computer science (Level 3)
2. Computer architecture (Level 4)
3. Computer simulation (Level 4)
4. Parallel computing (Level 4)
   1. General-purpose computing on graphics processing units
5. Augmented reality
6. Virtual reality
7. Concurrent computing
   1. Monitor (synchronization)
8. Floating-point arithmetic
9. Real-time computing
10. Computer graphics (computer science)
    1. Color management
    2. Transform, clipping, and lighting

Artificial intelligence

This section contains 22 articles.

1. Artificial intelligence (Level 3)
2. AI alignment
3. Artificial general intelligence
4. AI art
5. Neural network (machine learning)
6. Biometrics
   1. Facial recognition system
7. Computer chess
8. Computer Go
9. Computer vision
10. Existential risk from artificial intelligence
11. Generative AI
12. Large language model (Level 4)
13. Machine learning (Level 4)
    1. Deep learning
14. Natural language processing
    1. Speech recognition
    2. Machine translation
15. Philosophy of artificial intelligence
16. Technological singularity
17. Turing test
18. Weak artificial intelligence

Computer architecture concepts

This section contains 24 articles.

1. Cache (computing)
2. Distributed computing
   1. Computer cluster
   2. Grid computing
3. Cloud computing
4. Optical computing
5. Quantum computing
6. Von Neumann architecture
7. 8-bit computing
8. 16-bit computing
9. 32-bit computing
10. 64-bit computing
11. Endianness
12. Multithreading (computer architecture)
13. Multiprocessing
14. Instruction set architecture
    1. x86
       1. x86-64
    2. ARM architecture family
    3. IBM POWER architecture
    4. MIPS architecture
    5. Very long instruction word
15. System time
    1. Unix time

Computer security

This section contains 40 articles.

1. Computer security (Level 4)
2. Firewall (computing)
3. Transport Layer Security
4. Vulnerability (computer security)
   1. Zero-day vulnerability
5. Denial-of-service attack
   1. Botnet
6. Copy protection
   1. Digital rights management
7. Malware (Level 4)
   1. Computer virus
   2. Computer worm
   3. Trojan horse (computing)
   4. Ransomware
   5. Spyware
8. Authentication (Level 4)
   1. Password
   2. Security token
   3. Multi-factor authentication
   4. User (computing)
9. Security through obscurity
   1. Obfuscation (software)
   2. Steganography

Cryptography

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Cryptography (Level 3)
2. Blockchain
3. Block cipher
4. Brute-force attack
5. Caesar cipher
6. Cipher
7. Cryptanalysis
8. Cryptogram
9. Digital signature
10. Encryption (Level 4)
11. Enigma machine
12. Key (cryptography)
13. One-time pad
14. Public-key cryptography
    1. Diffie–Hellman key exchange
    2. RSA cryptosystem
15. Symmetric-key algorithm

Computer hardware

This section contains 81 articles.

1. Computer hardware (Level 4)
2. Computer (Level 2)
3. Booting
   1. BIOS
      1. UEFI
   2. Reboot
4. Processor (computing)
   1. Central processing unit (Level 4)
      1. Microprocessor
         1. Multi-core processor
   2. Coprocessor
5. Motherboard
6. Processor register
7. Floating-point unit
8. Graphics processing unit
9. Arithmetic logic unit
10. Digital signal processor
11. Bus (computing)
    1. SATA
    2. Parallel ATA
    3. Industry Standard Architecture
    4. Peripheral Component Interconnect
    5. PCI Express
    6. Front-side bus
12. Expansion card
    1. Sound card
    2. Graphics card
    3. PC Card
    4. ExpressCard
13. Modem
14. Device driver
15. Moore's law
16. Clock rate
17. Embedded system
18. Real-time clock
19. Computer cooling
20. Analog computer
21. Stored-program computer
22. Hardware acceleration
23. Plug and play
24. Input/output
    1. Input device
    2. Output device

Types of computers

This section contains 14 articles.

1. IBM PC compatible
2. Mainframe computer
3. Microcomputer
4. Mobile device (Level 4)
   1. Smartphone (Level 4)
   2. Tablet computer
   3. Smartwatch
5. Personal computer (Level 4)
   1. Desktop computer
   2. Gaming computer
   3. Home computer
   4. Laptop
6. Supercomputer (Level 4)
7. Workstation

User interface

This section contains 24 articles.

1. User interface (Level 4)
2. Graphical user interface
   1. Window (computing)
   2. X Window System
3. Command-line interface
4. Computer keyboard (Level 4)
5. Computer monitor (Level 4)
6. Cut, copy, and paste
7. Virtual reality headset
8. Computer port (hardware)
   1. IEEE 1394
   2. USB
      1. USB-C
   3. D-subminiature
   4. Digital Visual Interface
   5. DisplayPort
   6. HDMI
   7. VGA connector
   8. Thunderbolt (interface)
9. Pointing device
   1. Computer mouse (Level 4)
   2. Touchpad
   3. Touchscreen (Level 4)
10. Webcam

Computer software

This section contains 39 articles.

1. Software (Level 4)
2. Application software
3. Chatbot
4. Computer program (Level 4)
5. Database (Level 4)
   1. Data mining
   2. Big data
6. Emulator
7. Integrated development environment
8. Media player software
9. Mobile app
10. Open-source software (Level 4)
11. Spreadsheet (Level 4)
12. System software
13. Web application
    1. Webmail
14. Web browser (Level 4)
15. Word processor (Level 4)
16. Desktop publishing
17. Plug-in (computing)
18. POSIX
19. GNU Project
20. Input method

Operating systems

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Firmware
2. Operating system (Level 4)
   1. Real-time operating system
3. Virtual machine
4. Kernel (operating system)
5. Execution (computing)
6. Thrashing (computer science)
7. Thread (computing)
8. Preemption (computing)
9. Process (computing)
10. Computer multitasking
11. Scheduling (computing)
12. System call
13. Time-sharing
14. Working set
15. Mobile operating system

Data storage and memory

This section contains 66 articles.

For units of information (bit, byte, megabyte, etc.), see Physical sciences/Basics and measurement

1. Computer file (Level 4)
2. Backup
3. Barcode (Level 4)
   1. QR code
4. File system (Level 4)
   1. HFS Plus
   2. File Allocation Table
   3. NTFS
   4. ext4
   5. ISO 9660
   6. Universal Disk Format
5. Directory (computing)
6. Filename extension
7. Data storage (Level 4)
   1. Computer data storage
   2. Cloud storage
8. RAID
9. Disk partitioning
10. Computer memory
11. Binary file
12. Text file
    1. Formatted text
    2. Plain text

File formats

This section contains 18 articles.

1. File format
2. Archive file
   1. ZIP (file format)
   2. 7z
3. Document file format
   1. PDF
4. Image file format
   1. GIF
   2. JPEG
   3. TIFF
   4. PNG
   5. SVG
5. Audio coding format
   1. MP3
6. Video coding format
7. Container format
   1. MPEG-4
   2. Ogg

Volatile memory

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Volatile memory
2. Random-access memory (Level 4)
   1. Dynamic random-access memory
   2. Static random-access memory
3. Virtual memory

Non-volatile memory

This section contains 20 articles.

1. Non-volatile memory
2. Read-only memory (Level 4)
3. Magnetic storage
   1. Floppy disk
   2. Hard disk drive (Level 4)
   3. Magnetic-tape data storage
4. Flash memory
   1. USB flash drive
   2. Solid-state drive
   3. Memory card (Level 4)
      1. CompactFlash
      2. SD card
      3. MultiMediaCard
      4. Universal Flash Storage
5. Optical disc (Level 4)
   1. Compact disc
   2. DVD
   3. LaserDisc
   4. Blu-ray
6. Punched card (Level 4)

Networks

This section contains 74 articles.

1. Computer network (Level 4)
   1. Intranet
2. Email (Level 4)
   1. Internet Message Access Protocol
   2. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
   3. Spamming
3. Bluetooth
4. Cellular network
   1. GSM
5. Client–server model
6. Content delivery network
7. Ethernet (Level 4)
8. Information system
9. Network interface controller
10. Network packet
11. Network topology
12. Network switch
13. Node (networking)
14. Internet of things
15. Private network
16. Reverse proxy
17. Router (computing) (Level 4)
18. Routing
19. Server (computing)
    1. Proxy server
    2. Web server
20. Subnet
21. Tunneling protocol
22. Wireless network
    1. Wi-Fi (Level 4)
    2. Wireless mesh network

Internet

This section contains 43 articles. For Internet culture, see Society and social sciences/Culture#Internet medium

1. Internet (Level 3)
2. ARPANET
3. Communication protocol
4. Common Gateway Interface
5. Domain name
6. File Transfer Protocol
7. Hashtag
8. HTTP (Level 4)
   1. HTTPS
9. Hyperlink
10. Internet access
11. Instant messaging
    1. Online chat
    2. IRC
12. Internet protocol suite (Level 4)
    1. Internet Protocol
    2. IP address
    3. IPv4
    4. IPv6
    5. Transmission Control Protocol
13. Internet service provider
14. Packet switching
15. Peer-to-peer
    1. BitTorrent
    2. Napster
16. Social media (Level 4)
    1. Blog
    2. Bulletin board system
    3. Internet forum
    4. Online dating
    5. Social networking service
    6. Usenet
17. Web 2.0
18. Search engine (Level 4)
19. Tor (network)
20. URL
21. Website (Level 4)
    1. Home page
    2. Web page
    3. Wiki
22. World Wide Web (Level 4)
    1. Dark web
    2. Deep web

Specific computing services

This section contains 5 articles.
See also Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/5/Society and social sciences/Culture#Internet medium

Cloud server

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Amazon Web Services
2. Google Cloud Platform

Science

This section contains 1 article.

1. Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing

Search engines

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Google Search
2. Microsoft Bing

Software development

This section contains 110 articles.

Software development: General

This section contains 66 articles.

1. Software development
2. Software prototyping
3. Reusability
4. Software portability
5. Transparency (human–computer interaction)
6. Library (computing)
   1. GTK
7. Formal specification
8. Formal verification
9. Software design
10. Abstraction (computer science)
11. Variable (high-level programming language)
12. Function (computer programming)
13. Pointer (computer programming)
14. Recursion (computer science)
15. Iteration
16. Computer programming (Level 4)
17. Flowchart
18. Source code
19. Bytecode
20. Object code
21. Executable
22. Parameter (computer programming)
23. Collation
24. Universal Product Code
25. Character encoding (Level 4)
    1. ASCII
    2. Unicode
       1. UTF-8
26. Error correction code
27. Compiler (Level 4)
28. Interpreter (computing)
29. Control flow
30. Macro (computer science)
31. Regular expression
32. Calling convention
33. Programming language (Level 4)
34. Programming paradigm (Level 4)
    1. Functional programming (Level 4)
    2. Structured programming
    3. Modular programming
    4. Object-oriented programming (Level 4)
       1. Encapsulation (computer programming)
       2. Inheritance (object-oriented programming)
       3. Polymorphism (computer science)
    5. Declarative programming
    6. Imperative programming
    7. Logic programming
35. API
    1. Carbon (API)
    2. Cocoa (API)
    3. Open Database Connectivity
    4. Windows API
       1. DirectX
          1. Direct3D
    5. OpenGL
    6. Vulkan
36. Software testing
37. Software bug
38. Debugging
39. Application checkpointing
40. Exception handling
41. Version control
42. Patch (computing)
43. Software maintenance
44. Software documentation

Programming languages

This section contains 44 articles.

1. Syntax (programming languages)
2. Metasyntax
3. Backus–Naur form
4. Type conversion
5. Data type
6. Delimiter
7. Operator overloading
8. Language binding
9. Low-level programming language
   1. Machine code
   2. Assembly language (Level 4)
10. High-level programming language
11. Shading language
12. R (programming language)

Specific programming languages: general

This section contains 12 articles.

1. C (programming language) (Level 4)
2. C++
3. C Sharp (programming language)
4. Objective-C
5. Haskell
6. Java (programming language) (Level 4)
7. Kotlin
8. Lisp (programming language)
9. Lua
10. Scala (programming language)
11. Swift (programming language)
12. Visual Basic (.NET)

Data modeling languages

This section contains 1 article.

1. SQL

Markup languages

This section contains 3 articles.

1. HTML (Level 4)
   1. HTML5
2. XML

Scripting languages

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Python (programming language)
2. Ruby (programming language)
3. PHP
4. Perl
5. JavaScript (Level 4)
6. Shell script

"Historical" languages

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Fortran
2. ALGOL
3. COBOL
4. BASIC
5. Pascal (programming language)
6. Smalltalk
7. Ada (programming language)

Stylesheet languages

This section contains 1 article.

1. CSS

Specific hardware

This section contains 30 articles.

1. Amiga
2. Apple II
3. Arduino
4. Commodore 64
5. Deep Blue (chess computer)
6. IBM Personal Computer
7. Mac (computer) (Level 4)
8. PC-98
9. Raspberry Pi
10. TRS-80
11. ZX Spectrum

Early computers

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Analytical engine
2. Antikythera mechanism
3. Atanasoff–Berry computer
4. Atlas (computer)
5. Colossus computer
6. Difference engine
7. EDSAC
8. EDVAC
9. ENIAC (Level 4)
10. IBM 7030 Stretch
11. Manchester computers
12. Harvard Mark I
13. UNIVAC I
14. Whirlwind I
15. Z3 (computer)

Mobile devices

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Chromebook
2. iPad
3. iPhone (Level 4)
4. Samsung Galaxy

Specific software

This section contains 53 articles.

Artificial Intelligence

This section contains 2 articles.

1. AlphaGo
2. ChatGPT

Browsers

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Firefox
2. Google Chrome
3. Internet Explorer
4. Safari (web browser)

Communication

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Gmail
2. Microsoft Outlook

Multimedia

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Adobe Creative Suite
   1. Adobe Flash
   2. Adobe Photoshop
2. Auto-Tune
3. GarageBand
4. GIMP
5. iTunes
6. Microsoft Paint
7. VLC media player

Office and data management

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Adobe Acrobat
2. Emacs
3. LibreOffice
4. Microsoft Office
   1. Microsoft Excel
   2. Microsoft PowerPoint
   3. Microsoft Word
5. MySQL
6. TeX
7. WinRAR
8. Vim (text editor)

Operating Systems

This section contains 20 articles.

1. Android (operating system) (Level 4)
2. iOS
3. DOS
   1. MS-DOS (Level 4)
4. Mac operating systems
   1. Classic Mac OS
   2. macOS
5. Microsoft Windows (Level 4)
   1. Windows 3.1
   2. Windows 9x
   3. Windows NT
      1. Windows XP
      2. Windows 7
      3. Windows 10
      4. Windows 11
6. Symbian
7. Unix (Level 4)
8. Unix-like
   1. Linux (Level 4)
      1. Debian

Science and Engineering

This section contains 2 articles.

1. AutoCAD
2. MATLAB

System

This section contains 1 article.

1. Wine (software)

Virtualization

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Java virtual machine
2. VirtualBox

Electronics

This section contains 115 articles. For topics in electromagnetism, see Physics:Electromagnetism

Electronics: General

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Electronics (Level 3)
   1. Analogue electronics
   2. Digital electronics
2. Circuit design (Level 4)
   1. Electronic design automation
   2. Printed circuit board (Level 4)
   3. SPICE
3. Electronic circuit
   1. Multimeter

Components

This section contains 35 articles.

1. Electronic component
2. Amplifier (Level 4)
   1. Operational amplifier
   2. Vacuum tube (Level 4)
3. Capacitor (Level 4)
   1. Ceramic capacitor
   2. Electrolytic capacitor
   3. Film capacitor
   4. Leyden jar
   5. Supercapacitor
   6. Variable capacitor
4. Diode (Level 4)
   1. Light-emitting diode (Level 4)
5. Electrical connector (Level 4)
6. Inductor (Level 4)
7. Power supply (Level 4)
   1. Current source
   2. Voltage source
8. Resistor (Level 4)
   1. Potentiometer
9. Switch (Level 4)
   1. Knife switch
   2. Relay (Level 4)
   3. Rotary switch
10. Transducer
    1. Actuator
       1. Solenoid
    2. Sensor (Level 4)
       1. Avalanche photodiode
       2. Photodiode
       3. Photomultiplier tube
       4. Phototube
       5. Thermistor
       6. Thermocouple
11. Transformer (Level 4)

Consumer electronics

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Consumer electronics (Level 4)
2. AC adapter
3. Remote control (Level 4)

Digital logic

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Adder (electronics)
   1. Binary multiplier
   2. Subtractor
2. Asynchronous circuit
3. Flip-flop (electronics)
4. Logic gate
   1. AND gate
   2. Digital buffer
   3. Inverter (logic gate)
   4. NAND gate
   5. NOR gate
   6. OR gate
   7. XOR gate
   8. XNOR gate
5. Synchronous circuit

Functional circuits

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Bridge circuit
   1. Wheatstone bridge
2. Electronic oscillator
   1. Clock generator
      1. Clock signal
   2. Crystal oscillator
   3. Variable-frequency oscillator
3. Frequency mixer
4. Gyrator
5. Negative impedance converter
6. Power inverter
7. Rectifier
   1. Diode bridge
8. Voltage regulator

Semiconductors

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Semiconductor device (Level 4)
2. Integrated circuit (Level 3)
   1. Application-specific integrated circuit
   2. Charge-coupled device (Level 4)
   3. Field-programmable gate array
   4. System on a chip
      1. Network on a chip
   5. Very-large-scale integration
3. Transistor (Level 4)
   1. Bipolar junction transistor
   2. Field-effect transistor
      1. MOSFET
   3. Transistor–transistor logic
   4. CMOS

Signal processing

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Signal processing (Level 4)
   1. Digital signal
2. Analog-to-digital converter
3. Digital-to-analog converter
4. Filter (signal processing) (Level 4)
   1. All-pass filter
      1. Lattice phase equaliser
   2. Band-pass filter
   3. Mechanical filter
   4. High-pass filter
   5. Low-pass filter
5. Multiplexing
6. Noise (electronics)
   1. Signal-to-noise ratio (Level 4)
7. Oscilloscope (Level 4)
8. Sampling (signal processing)
   1. Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem

Signal transmission

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Antenna (radio) (Level 4)
   1. Antenna array
2. Communication channel
3. Electromagnetic shielding
   1. Faraday cage
4. Transmission line
   1. Coaxial cable
   2. Waveguide (Level 4)

Energy

This section contains 186 articles.

Energy: General

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Energy development
   1. Electrification
2. Geothermal energy
3. Propellant
4. Renewable energy (Level 3)
5. Sustainable energy

Fuel

This section contains 26 articles.

1. Fuel (Level 4)
2. Biofuel (Level 4)
   1. Biomass (energy)
   2. Charcoal (Level 4)
   3. Firewood
3. Fossil fuel (Level 3)
   1. Coal (Level 3)
   2. Coke (fuel)
   3. Fracking
   4. Natural gas (Level 3)
      1. Liquefied natural gas
      2. Liquefied petroleum gas
   5. Oil well (Level 4)
      1. Petroleum reservoir
      2. Oil platform
4. Hydrogen economy
5. Nuclear fuel
   1. Nuclear fuel cycle
6. Oil refinery (Level 4)
   1. Aviation fuel
      1. Jet fuel
   2. Diesel fuel
   3. Fuel oil
   4. Gasoline (Level 4)
   5. Kerosene (Level 4)
   6. Liquid fuel

Heating and cooling

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (Level 4)
   1. Chimney (Level 4)
   2. Fireplace (Level 4)
   3. Heat pump
   4. Thermostat
2. Air conditioning (Level 4)
   1. Evaporative cooler
   2. Passive cooling
   3. Windcatcher
3. Boiler
4. Central heating (Level 4)
5. Fan (machine)
   1. Ceiling fan
6. Heat exchanger
7. Refrigeration (Level 3)
   1. Refrigerant
   2. Yakhchāl

Lighting

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Electric light (Level 3)
   1. Flashlight
   2. Fluorescent lamp
   3. Incandescent light bulb (Level 4)
   4. Neon lighting
2. Gas lighting
   1. Gas mantle
3. Lantern
4. Oil lamp
5. Prism lighting
   1. Light tube

Fire

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Blowtorch
2. Bonfire
3. Candle (Level 4)
4. Campfire
5. Lighter
6. Match
7. Torch

Power generation

This section contains 43 articles.

1. Power station (Level 4)
   1. Electric generator (Level 4)
      1. Induction generator
   2. Electricity generation (Level 4)
2. Hydropower (Level 3)
   1. Hydroelectricity (Level 4)
   2. Tidal power
   3. Watermill (Level 4)
3. Microgeneration
   1. Micro-CHP
4. Solar energy (Level 3)
   1. Solar power (Level 4)
   2. Solar cell (Level 4)
      1. Solar panel
5. Thermal power station
   1. Boiler (power generation)
   2. Cogeneration
   3. Combined-cycle power plant
   4. Concentrated solar power
   5. Cooling tower (Level 4)
   6. Fossil fuel power station
      1. Coal-fired power station
      2. Gas-fired power plant
   7. Geothermal power (Level 4)
6. Turbine (Level 4)
   1. Gas-turbine engine (Level 4)
   2. Steam turbine (Level 4)
   3. Wind turbine (Level 4)
7. Water wheel
8. Wind power (Level 3)
   1. Windmill (Level 4)

Nuclear power

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Nuclear power (Level 3)
2. Fusion power
   1. Inertial confinement fusion
   2. Tokamak
3. Nuclear power plant
4. Nuclear reactor
   1. Breeder reactor
   2. Molten-salt reactor
   3. Heavy water reactor
   4. Small modular reactor
   5. Nuclear marine propulsion
   6. Nuclear meltdown

Energy storage

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Energy storage
   1. Compressed-air energy storage
   2. Grid energy storage
   3. Home energy storage
   4. Thermal energy storage
2. Electric battery (Level 3)
   1. Alkaline battery
   2. Atomic battery
   3. Lead–acid battery
   4. Lithium-ion battery
   5. Lithium polymer battery
   6. Rechargeable battery
3. Fuel cell
4. Power-to-X
5. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity

Power transmission

This section contains 60 articles. See also: Electromagnetism and Electromagnetism

1. AC power plugs and sockets
2. Electric power transmission (Level 4)
3. Electric power distribution (Level 4)
4. Electrical grid (Level 4)
   1. Three-phase electric power
   2. Virtual power plant
5. Electrical wiring (Level 4)
   1. Electrical cable (Level 4)
      1. Power cable
6. Mains electricity

Concepts

This section contains 21 articles.

1. Availability factor
2. Automatic generation control
3. Backfeeding
4. Base load
5. Capacity factor
6. Demand factor
7. Droop speed control
8. Energy demand management
9. Energy return on investment
10. Electrical fault
11. Grid code
12. Load factor (electrical)
13. Load-following power plant
14. Merit order
15. Nameplate capacity
16. Peak demand
17. Electric power quality
18. Power-flow study
19. Repowering
20. Utility frequency
21. Variable renewable energy

Electricity transmission and distribution

This section contains 19 articles.

1. Demand response
2. Distributed generation
3. Distribution board
4. Dynamic demand (electric power)
5. Electric power system
6. Interconnector
7. High-voltage direct current
8. Load management
   1. Electricity market
9. Overhead power line
10. Smart grid
11. Substation
12. Super grid
13. Transmission system operator
14. Transmission tower
15. Underground power line
16. Utility pole
    1. Overhead cable
17. Wide area synchronous grid

Electrical protective devices

This section contains 10 articles.

1. Arc-fault circuit interrupter
2. Circuit breaker (Level 4)
3. Earth-leakage circuit breaker
4. Fuse (electrical) (Level 4)
5. Lightning rod
6. Residual-current device
7. Power system protection
8. Protective relay
9. Numerical relay
10. Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker

Specific energy structure

This section contains 1 article. See "Dams" section in "Specific infrastructure" for hydroelectric power plants

1. Continental Europe Synchronous Area

Industry

This section contains 225 articles. See also: "Industry" in Business and economics (Level 4)

Industry: General

This section contains 18 articles.

1. Factory (Level 4)
   1. Assembly line (Level 4)
   2. Automation (Level 4)
   3. Conveyor system
      1. Conveyor belt
   4. Industrial robot (Level 4)
   5. Interchangeable parts (Level 4)
   6. Mass production (Level 4)
   7. Mechanization (Level 4)
2. Pelletizing
3. Standardization (Level 4)
4. Waste (Level 3)
   1. Disposable product
   2. Incineration
   3. Landfill (Level 4)
   4. Recycling (Level 4)
   5. Waste management (Level 4)
5. 3D printing

Food, water and health

This section contains 36 articles.

1. Air purifier
   1. Air filter
      1. HEPA
   2. Catalytic converter
   3. Respirator
      1. Gas mask
   4. Scrubber
2. Bleach (Level 4)
3. Desalination (Level 4)
4. Detergent (Level 4)
5. Laundry (Level 4)
6. Food additive
   1. Food coloring
   2. High-fructose corn syrup
   3. Sugar substitute
7. Food processing
   1. Fermentation in food processing
   2. Pasteurization (Level 4)
8. Food storage
9. Oxygen mask
10. Sanitation (Level 3)
    1. Sewage
    2. Sewerage
       1. Sanitary sewer (Level 4)
       2. Street gutter
    3. Sewage treatment (Level 4)
       1. Septic tank
    4. Water purification (Level 4)
11. Soap (Level 4)
12. Sterilization (microbiology)
13. Water supply network (Level 4)
    1. Aqueduct (water supply) (Level 4)
    2. Pumping station (Level 4)
    3. Qanat (Level 4)
    4. Water tower (Level 4)
    5. Well (Level 4)

Materials

This section contains 47 articles.

1. Abrasive (Level 4)
2. Ceramic (Level 4)
   1. Pottery (Level 3)
      1. Earthenware
      2. Ironstone china
      3. Lithophane
      4. Porcelain (Level 4)
      5. Stoneware
      6. Terracotta
   2. Kiln
3. Chemical vapor deposition
4. Cork (material)
5. Glass (Level 3)
   1. Borosilicate glass
   2. Float glass
   3. Fused quartz
   4. Glassblowing
   5. Glass fiber
      1. Glass wool
   6. Safety glass
   7. Soda–lime glass
6. Gutta-percha
7. Knapping
8. Leather (Level 4)
   1. Artificial leather
   2. Hide (skin)
   3. Liming (leather processing)
   4. Parchment (Level 4)
      1. Vellum
   5. Suede
   6. Tanning (leather)
9. Mineral wool
10. Natural rubber (Level 3)
    1. Vulcanization
11. Paper (Level 3)
    1. Cardboard
    2. Papermaking
       1. Pulp (paper)
       2. Sizing
    3. Papyrus (Level 4)
    4. Tissue paper
12. Plastic (Level 3)
    1. Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer
    2. Fiberglass
    3. Injection moulding
    4. Microplastics
13. Casting

Chemicals

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Adhesive (Level 4)
2. Chemical plant (Level 4)
3. Composite material (Level 4)
4. Explosive (Level 3)
   1. Dynamite (Level 4)
   2. Fireworks (Level 4)
5. Lubricant
6. Petrochemical (Level 4)

Metallurgy

This section contains 52 articles.

1. Metallurgy (Level 3)
2. Smelting (Level 4)
   1. Blast furnace
   2. Crucible
   3. Electric arc furnace
   4. Induction furnace
3. Steelmaking (Level 4)
   1. Bessemer process
   2. Basic oxygen steelmaking
4. Extractive metallurgy
   1. Gold dredge
   2. Mineral processing
      1. Crusher
      2. Mechanical screening
      3. Spiral separator
      4. Stamp mill
      5. Trommel screen

Metalworking

This section contains 35 articles.

1. Metalworking (Level 4)
2. Anvil
3. Bellows
4. Bending (metalworking)
5. Metal casting
   1. Die casting (Level 4)
   2. Lost-wax casting
   3. Sand casting
6. Drawing (manufacturing)
   1. Wire (Level 4)
      1. Barbed wire
7. Electrical discharge machining
8. Extrusion (Level 4)
9. Forge
10. Forging (Level 4)
    1. Power hammer
11. Grinding (abrasive cutting)
    1. Grindstone
12. Heat treating (Level 4)
13. Laser cutting (Level 4)
14. Machining
15. Metal fabrication
16. Plating
    1. Anodizing
    2. Electroplating
    3. Powder coating
17. Precipitation hardening
18. Quenching
19. Rolling (metalworking) (Level 4)
20. Sheet metal
21. Sintering
22. Soldering (Level 4)
23. Welding (Level 4)
24. Work hardening
25. Blacksmith

Textiles

This section contains 64 articles.

1. Textile (Level 3)
   1. Carding

Fabrics and fibers

This section contains 22 articles.

1. Canvas (Level 4)
2. Carbon fibers
3. Cotton (Level 3)
   1. Chino cloth
   2. Denim
   3. Muslin
4. Felt (Level 4)
5. Flannel
6. Fiber (Level 4)
7. Jute
8. Kevlar
9. Lace (Level 4)
10. Linen (Level 4)
11. Polyester (Level 4)
12. Rayon
13. Silk (Level 4)
14. Spandex
15. Thread (textiles) (Level 4)
16. Wool (Level 4)
    1. Cashmere wool
    2. Tweed
17. Yarn (Level 4)

Other techniques

This section contains 13 articles.

1. Basket weaving (Level 4)
2. Crochet (Level 4)
3. Dyeing
   1. Dye (Level 4)
   2. Batik
4. Embroidery (Level 4)
5. Knitting (Level 4)
6. Macramé
7. Textile printing
8. Quilting
   1. Quilt
9. Sewing (Level 4)
   1. Pattern

Spinning

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Hand spinning (Level 4)
   1. Distaff
   2. Spindle (textiles)
2. Open-end spinning
3. Spinning (polymers)
   1. Spinneret (polymers)
4. Ring spinning
5. Spinning frame
   1. Water frame
6. Spinning jenny
7. Spinning mule
8. Spinning wheel

Weaving

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Loom (Level 4)
   1. Jacquard machine
   2. Power loom
   3. Shuttle (weaving)
      1. Flying shuttle
2. Weaving (Level 4)
   1. Braid
   2. Brocade
   3. Damask
   4. Plain weave
   5. Satin
   6. Songket
   7. Tapestry (Level 4)
   8. Twill
   9. Warp and weft

Infrastructure

This section contains 186 articles. See also Arts: Architecture

Basics

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Building (Level 3)
2. Infrastructure (Level 3)

Building materials

This section contains 42 articles.

1. Brick (Level 4)
   1. Fire brick
2. Cement (Level 4)
   1. Bitumen
   2. Portland cement
3. Concrete (Level 3)
   1. Asphalt concrete
   2. Concrete slab
   3. Precast concrete
   4. Prestressed concrete
   5. Ready-mix concrete
   6. Reinforced concrete
      1. Rebar
   7. Roman concrete
4. Masonry (Level 3)
   1. Brickwork
   2. Stonemasonry
5. Quarry (Level 4)
6. Scaffolding (Level 4)
7. Adobe
8. Construction aggregate
9. Clapboard
10. Mortar (masonry)
11. Lath and plaster
    1. Lath
    2. Plaster
12. Drywall
13. Rammed earth
14. Roof shingle
15. Siding (construction)
16. Stone slab
17. Thatching
18. Tile
19. Wattle and daub
20. Wood (Level 3)
    1. Engineered wood
       1. Wood–plastic composite
    2. Lumber (Level 4)
       1. Sawmill
    3. Wood drying
    4. Woodworking (Level 4)
       1. Carpentry (Level 4)

Environmental remediation

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Environmental remediation
2. Bioremediation
   1. Bioaugmentation
   2. Phytoremediation
3. Groundwater remediation
4. Soil vapor extraction

Infrastructure by type

This section contains 55 articles.

Building elements

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Elevator (Level 4)
2. Escalator
3. Foundation (engineering) (Level 4)
4. Lighting (Level 4)

Coastal infrastructure

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Breakwater (structure)
2. Dock (Level 4)
   1. Dry dock
   2. Marina
3. Harbor (Level 4)
4. Lighthouse (Level 4)
5. Pier (Level 4)
   1. Maritime passenger terminal
6. Port (Level 4)
   1. Container port
7. Seawall

Ceremonial buildings

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Pagoda (Level 4)
2. Pyramid (Level 4)

Commercial buildings

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Convention center
2. Data center
3. Office (Level 4)
4. Warehouse (Level 4)

Mixed-use buildings

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Military base
2. Tower block (Level 4)
3. Skyscraper (Level 4)

Earthworks

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Earthworks (engineering)
   1. Trench

Fire protection

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Fire safety
2. Fire alarm system
3. Fire hydrant
4. Smoke detector

Hydraulic infrastructure

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Cistern
2. Cofferdam
3. Dam (Level 3)
   1. Caisson (engineering)
4. Dredging
5. Flood management (Level 4)
   1. Flood control in the Netherlands
6. Levee (Level 4)
7. Reservoir (Level 4)
8. Storm drain (Level 4)
   1. Rain gutter
   2. Sluice

Transport infrastructure

This section contains 13 articles. See also #Transportation section

1. Bridge (Level 3)
   1. Cable-stayed bridge
   2. Cantilever bridge
   3. Drawbridge
   4. Pontoon bridge
   5. Suspension bridge
   6. Trestle bridge
   7. Truss bridge
   8. Viaduct
2. Tunnel (Level 4)
   1. Underwater tunnel
   2. Tunnel construction
      1. Tunnel boring machine

Specific infrastructure

This section contains 81 articles.

See "Transportation" and "Energy" section for infrastructure in respective discipline

Dams

This section contains 26 articles.

1. Aswan High Dam (Level 4)
2. Grand Coulee Dam
3. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
4. Hoover Dam (Level 4)
5. Itaipu Dam (Level 4)
6. Tarbela Dam
7. Three Gorges Dam (Level 4)
8. Akosombo Dam
9. Atatürk Dam
10. Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station
11. Cahora Bassa
12. New Croton Dam
13. Delta Works
14. Euphrates Dam
15. Fort Peck Dam
16. Grande Dixence Dam
17. Guri Dam
18. Enguri Dam
19. Kariba Dam
20. Mangla Dam
21. Nurek Dam
22. Oroville Dam
23. Rogun Dam
24. Sup'ung Dam
25. Vajont Dam
26. Zuiderzee Works

Bridges

This section contains 48 articles.

1. Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (Level 4)
2. Alcántara Bridge
3. Astoria–Megler Bridge
4. Auckland Harbour Bridge
5. Banpo Bridge
6. Bosphorus Bridge
7. Bridge of Sighs
8. Bridge of the Americas
9. Britannia Bridge
10. Brooklyn Bridge (Level 4)
11. Charles Bridge
12. Confederation Bridge
13. Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge
14. El Ferdan Railway Bridge
15. Forth Bridge
16. Gateshead Millennium Bridge
17. George Washington Bridge
18. Golden Gate Bridge (Level 4)
19. Great Belt Bridge
20. Great Seto Bridge
21. Humber Bridge
22. Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Bridge
23. Kapellbrücke
24. London Bridge
25. Mackinac Bridge
26. Manhattan Bridge
27. Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge
28. Menai Suspension Bridge
29. Millau Viaduct
30. Minneapolis Skyway System
31. Pont Alexandre III
32. Pont du Gard
33. Pont Neuf
34. Ponte Sant'Angelo
35. Ponte Vecchio
36. Rainbow Bridge (Niagara Falls)
37. Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)
38. Rialto Bridge
39. San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
40. Si-o-se-pol
41. Stari Most
42. Sydney Harbour Bridge
43. Tacoma Narrows Bridge
44. The Iron Bridge
45. Tower Bridge (Level 4)
46. Trajan's Bridge
47. Vasco da Gama Bridge
48. Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge

Tunnels

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Channel Tunnel (Level 4)
2. Gotthard Base Tunnel
3. Seikan Tunnel

Multi-modal crossings

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel
2. Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
3. Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line
4. Øresund Bridge

Machinery and tools

This section contains 339 articles.

Machinery and tools: General

This section contains 13 articles.

1. Machine (Level 3)
2. Mechanism (engineering)
3. MEMS
   1. Micromachinery
   2. Nanoelectromechanical systems
4. Robotics (Level 3)
   1. Android (robot)
   2. Animatronics
   3. Automaton
   4. Robot (Level 4)
   5. Robotic arm
   6. Leg mechanism
5. User guide

Components and mechanisms

This section contains 76 articles.

Flexible components

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Belt (mechanical)
2. Chain (Level 4)
3. Velcro
4. Net (device)
   1. Mesh
      1. Sieve
   2. Mosquito net
5. Rope (Level 4)
   1. Knot (Level 4)
      1. Bowline
      2. Figure-eight knot
      3. Fisherman's knot
   2. Wire rope
      1. Bowden cable
      2. Flexible shaft
6. Spring (device) (Level 4)
7. String

Rigid components

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Blade
2. Connecting rod
3. Fastener (Level 4)
   1. Nail (fastener) (Level 4)
   2. Nut (hardware) (Level 4)
   3. Rivet (Level 4)
   4. Screw (Level 4)
   5. Washer (hardware)
4. Gear (Level 4)
5. Hook
6. Piston

Simple machine

This section contains 10 articles.

1. Simple machine (Level 3)
2. Inclined plane (Level 4)
3. Lever (Level 3)
4. Pulley (Level 4)
   1. Block and tackle
5. Screw mechanism (Level 4)
   1. Propeller
6. Wedge (Level 4)
7. Wheel (Level 3)
   1. Flywheel

Mechanisms

This section contains 38 articles.

1. Alarm device
   1. Siren (alarm)
2. Brake
   1. Disc brake
3. Camshaft
4. Locker
5. Lock and key (Level 4)
   1. Deadbolt
   2. Disc tumbler lock
   3. Electronic lock
   4. Lever tumbler lock
   5. Padlock
   6. Pin tumbler lock
   7. Skeleton key
6. Kinematic pair
   1. Ball joint
   2. Bearing (mechanical) (Level 4)
      1. Tappet
   3. Hinge
   4. Rack and pinion
   5. Ratchet (device)
   6. Wheel and axle (Level 4)
      1. Axle (Level 4)
7. Linkage (mechanical)
   1. Clutch (Level 4)
   2. Escapement
   3. Four-bar linkage
   4. Gimbal
   5. Pantograph
   6. Whippletree (mechanism)
8. Transmission (mechanical device)
   1. Differential (mechanical device)
   2. Epicyclic gearing
9. Shock absorber
   1. Dashpot
10. Winch
    1. Capstan (nautical)
    2. Windlass

Engines

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Engine (Level 3)
2. Electric motor (Level 3)
   1. Linear motor
3. Steam engine (Level 3)

Internal combustion engines

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Internal combustion engine (Level 3)
2. Diesel engine (Level 4)
3. Petrol engine
4. Reciprocating engine
   1. Four-stroke engine (Level 4)
   2. Two-stroke engine
5. Pistonless rotary engine
   1. Wankel engine
6. Engine configuration
   1. Flat engine
   2. Straight engine
   3. V engine

Hydraulics and pneumatics

This section contains 27 articles.

1. Hydraulics
   1. Hydraulic cylinder
   2. Hydraulic machinery
   3. Hydraulic motor
   4. Hydraulic manifold
   5. Pump
      1. Hydraulic ram
   6. Siphon (Level 4)
2. Pipe (fluid conveyance) (Level 4)
   1. Gasket
   2. Valve (Level 4)
3. Plumbing (Level 4)
   1. Bidet
   2. Plunger
   3. Sink (Level 4)
   4. Toilet (Level 4)
      1. Flush toilet
      2. Portable toilet
      3. Squat toilet
      4. Toilet seat
      5. Urinal
4. Pneumatics
   1. Compressor
   2. Jackhammer
   3. Nail gun
   4. Rivet gun
   5. Vacuum pump

Machinery

This section contains 59 articles.

Farm and garden machinery

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Baler
2. Chainsaw (Level 4)
3. Combine harvester (Level 4)
4. Corn harvester
5. Cotton gin (Level 4)
6. Cotton picker
7. Cultivator (Level 4)
8. Irrigation sprinkler (Level 4)
9. Lawn mower (Level 4)
10. Planter (farm implement)
11. Reaper
12. Reaper-binder
13. Seed drill
14. Swather
15. Threshing machine
16. Transplanter

Household appliances

This section contains 29 articles.

1. Home appliance (Level 4)
2. Major appliance
3. Barbecue grill
4. Blender
5. Clothes dryer (Level 4)
6. Clothes iron
7. Coffeemaker
8. Dishwasher (Level 4)
9. Furnace (central heating)
10. Hair dryer
11. Hair iron
12. Humidifier
13. Ironing (Level 4)
14. Juicer
15. Microwave oven (Level 4)
    1. Cavity magnetron (Level 4)
16. Mixer (appliance)
17. Oven (Level 3)
    1. Convection oven
18. Refrigerator (Level 4)
19. Rice cooker
20. Sewing machine (Level 4)
21. Slow cooker
22. Stove (Level 4)
    1. Electric stove
23. Vacuum cleaner (Level 4)
24. Washing machine (Level 4)
25. Water dispenser
26. Water heating

Industrial machinery

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Centrifuge (Level 4)
   1. Ultracentrifuge
2. Crane (machine) (Level 4)
3. Forklift
4. Mill (grinding)
   1. Millstone
      1. Quern-stone
5. Machine tool
   1. Lathe (Level 4)
   2. Machine press (Level 4)
   3. Milling (machining)
   4. Computer numerical control
6. Potter's wheel (Level 4)
7. Trip hammer

Tools

This section contains 149 articles.

1. Tool (Level 2)
2. Adhesive tape
3. Lifting equipment
   1. Hoist (device)
   2. Jack (device)
4. Tongs

Agricultural tools

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Archimedes' screw (Level 4)
2. Flail (tool)
3. Harrow (tool) (Level 4)
4. Hoe (tool) (Level 4)
5. Machete (Level 4)
6. Mattock
7. Pitchfork
8. Plough (Level 4)
9. Rake (tool) (Level 4)
10. Roller (agricultural tool)
11. Scythe
12. Sickle (Level 4)
13. Shadoof
14. Shovel (Level 4)
15. Trowel
16. Wheelbarrow (Level 4)

Artist's and drafting tools

This section contains 18 articles.

1. Compass (drawing tool)
2. Colored pencil
3. Crayon
4. Drafting machine
5. Drawing board
6. Easel
7. Hole punch
8. Modelling clay (Level 4)
9. Paint (Level 4)
   1. Acrylic paint
   2. Enamel paint
   3. Oil paint
   4. Tempera
   5. Varnish
10. Brush (Level 4)
11. Pastel
12. Pigment (Level 4)
13. T-square

Containers

This section contains 27 articles.

1. Container (Level 4)
2. Aluminum can
3. Bag
   1. Paper bag
   2. Plastic bag
4. Bank vault
5. Barrel
6. Basket
7. Bottle
   1. Plastic bottle
   2. Vial
   3. Water bottle
8. Box
   1. Cardboard box
   2. Coffin
   3. Crate
9. Bucket
10. Cage
11. Envelope
12. Intermodal container
13. Packaging
14. Pipette
15. Pressure vessel
16. Rubber band
17. Safe
18. Steel and tin cans
19. Funnel

Hand tools

This section contains 27 articles.

1. Adze
2. Axe (Level 4)
3. Broom
4. Chalk line
5. Chisel (Level 4)
6. Clamp (tool) (Level 4)
7. Crowbar
8. Drilling (Level 4)
9. Hammer (Level 4)
10. Hook (hand tool)
11. Mallet
12. Mop
13. Mortar and pestle
14. Pickaxe
15. Plane (tool) (Level 4)
16. Pliers
17. Saw (Level 4)
18. Scissors (Level 4)
19. Screwdriver
20. Sledgehammer
21. Stone tool
    1. Clovis point
    2. Ground stone
    3. Hand axe
    4. Microlith
    5. Prismatic blade
22. Wrench

Law enforcement equipment

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Breathalyzer
2. Physical restraint
   1. Handcuffs

Measuring instruments

This section contains 22 articles.

1. Instrumentation (Level 4)
   1. Altimeter
   2. Barometer (Level 4)
   3. Calipers (Level 4)
   4. Feeler gauge
   5. Ruler (Level 4)
      1. Metre-stick
      2. Tape measure
   6. Photometer (Level 4)
   7. Spectrometer (Level 4)
      1. Optical spectrometer
   8. Thermometer (Level 4)
   9. Astrolabe
   10. Calorimeter
   11. Geiger counter
   12. Metal detector
   13. Odometer
   14. Seismometer
   15. Speedometer
   16. Torque wrench
   17. Vernier scale
2. Polygraph

Surveying tools

This section contains 18 articles.

1. Alidade
2. Graphometer
3. Gunter's chain
4. Laser rangefinder
   1. Lidar
5. Level (optical instrument)
   1. Inclinometer
      1. Topographic Abney level
   2. Level staff
   3. Plumb bob
   4. Spirit level
   5. Tiltmeter
6. Plane table
7. Reticle
8. Stadimeter
9. Surveyor's wheel
10. Theodolite (Level 4)
    1. Total station

Writing tools

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Blackboard
2. Eraser
3. Ink (Level 4)
4. Inkwell
5. Pen (Level 4)
   1. Ballpoint pen
   2. Fountain pen
   3. Marker pen
   4. Quill
6. Pencil (Level 4)
   1. Pencil sharpener
7. Whiteboard

Media and communication

This section contains 135 articles. See also Arts: Literature; Society: Mass media; Technology: Electronics
Physical and analog media are also included here

Media and communication: Basics

This section contains 47 articles.

1. Bulletin board
2. Communications satellite (Level 4)
3. Display device
   1. Cathode ray tube (Level 4)
   2. Flat-panel display (Level 4)
      1. Liquid-crystal display (Level 4)
      2. microLED
      3. OLED
      4. Plasma display
   3. Projection screen
   4. Seven-segment display
4. Document
5. Image (Level 4)
6. Image scanner (Level 4)
7. Mail (Level 3)
   1. Courier
   2. Pigeon post
   3. Postage stamp (Level 4)
8. Portable media player
   1. iPod
   2. Walkman
9. Sound recording and reproduction (Level 4)
   1. CD player
   2. Headphones
   3. High fidelity
   4. Loudspeaker (Level 4)
      1. Subwoofer
   5. Magnetic tape (Level 4)
      1. Cassette tape
   6. Microphone (Level 4)
   7. Phone connector (audio)
   8. Phonograph
      1. Phonograph record
   9. Surround sound
   10. Vocoder
10. Speech synthesis (Level 4)
11. Stationery
12. Typewriter (Level 4)
    1. QWERTY
13. Video (Level 3)
    1. Digital video
       1. Digital video recorder
    2. Video camera (Level 4)
    3. Videocassette recorder
    4. Videotape
       1. VHS
14. Wireless

Printing

This section contains 24 articles.

1. Printing (Level 3)
2. Audiobook
3. Book (Level 3)
   1. ISBN
4. Blueprint
5. Dot matrix printing
6. Ebook
   1. E-reader
      1. Amazon Kindle
7. Incunable
8. Inkjet printing
9. Laser printing
10. Manuscript
    1. Codex
    2. Scroll (Level 4)
11. Photocopier (Level 4)
12. Printer (computing) (Level 4)
13. Printing press (Level 4)
    1. Font
    2. Movable type
    3. Print on demand
    4. Typesetting
14. Stencil
15. Thermal printing

Telecommunications

This section contains 64 articles.

1. Telecommunications (Level 3)
2. Demodulation
3. Fax
4. Near-field communication
5. Signal modulation (Level 4)
   1. Amplitude modulation
   2. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
   3. Frequency modulation
   4. Frequency-shift keying
   5. Phase modulation
6. Pager
7. Submarine communications cable
8. Telegraphy (Level 4)
   1. Electrical telegraph
   2. Flag semaphore
9. Telephony
   1. Code-division multiple access
   2. Telephone (Level 3)
   3. Landline
   4. Mobile phone (Level 3)
   5. Satellite phone
   6. SIM card
   7. Telephone number
10. Text messaging (Level 4)
    1. SMS
11. Videotelephony
12. Radio (Level 3)
    1. Amateur radio (Level 4)
    2. Antenna tuner
    3. Radio receiver
       1. Crystal radio
       2. Superheterodyne receiver
       3. Transistor radio
    4. Software-defined radio
    5. Transmitter
    6. Walkie-talkie
    7. Tuner (radio)
13. Radio-frequency identification

Broadcasting

This section contains 26 articles.

1. Broadcasting (Level 3)
2. Radio broadcasting (Level 4)
   1. FM broadcasting
   2. AM broadcasting
   3. Shortwave radio
3. Streaming media
4. Television (Level 3)
   1. Analog television
      1. NTSC
      2. PAL
      3. SECAM
   2. Color television
   3. Digital television
      1. ATSC standards
      2. Digital multimedia broadcasting
      3. Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast
      4. DVB
      5. ISDB
   4. High-definition television
   5. Ultra-high-definition television
   6. Mechanical television
   7. Cable television (Level 4)
   8. Satellite television (Level 4)
   9. Streaming television
   10. Television set
   11. Terrestrial television

Medical technology

This section contains 46 articles.

Diagnostic technologies

This section contains 4 articles.

1. DNA profiling (Level 4)
2. Electrocardiography (Level 4)
3. Electroencephalography
4. Endoscopy (Level 4)

Imaging

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Medical imaging (Level 3)
2. CT scan
3. Magnetic resonance imaging (Level 4)
   1. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
4. Magnetoencephalography
5. Medical ultrasound (Level 4)
6. Positron emission tomography
7. Radiography (Level 4)

Devices

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Pacemaker
2. Artificial organ (Level 4)
3. Catheter
4. Cervical collar
5. Cochlear implant
6. Dentures (Level 4)
7. Hearing aid
8. Orthopedic boot
9. Orthopedic cast
10. Prosthesis (Level 4)
11. Reflex hammer
12. Sling (medicine)
13. Splint (medicine)
14. Stethoscope (Level 4)
15. Tourniquet
16. Ventilator

Equipment

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Adhesive bandage
2. Bandage (Level 4)
3. Dressing (medicine)
4. Hypodermic needle
5. Retainer (orthodontics)
6. Stretcher
7. Syringe (Level 4)

Mobility aids

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Crutch
2. Wheelchair (Level 4)

Surgical instruments

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Forceps
2. Scalpel
3. Surgical suture
4. Retractor (medicine)
5. Tweezers

Techniques

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Cardiopulmonary bypass (Level 4)
2. Kidney dialysis

Transport

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Ambulance (Level 4)
2. Air medical services

Military technology

This section contains 308 articles.

Military technology: General

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Weapon (Level 3)
2. Military technology (Level 4)
3. Booby trap
   1. Punji stick
4. Siege engine
   1. Battering ram (Level 4)
   2. Siege tower

Countermeasures

This section contains 29 articles.

1. Stealth technology (Level 4)
2. Missile defense

Armour

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Armour (Level 3)
   1. Body armor
      1. Bulletproof vest (Level 4)
      2. Chain mail (Level 4)
      3. Plate armour (Level 4)
   2. Vehicle armour
      1. Reactive armour
2. Helmet (Level 4)
   1. Combat helmet
3. Shield (Level 4)
   1. Scutum

Fortification

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Fortification (Level 3)
   1. Bastion fort
      1. Glacis
      2. Ravelin
      3. Tenaille
   2. Castle (Level 4)
      1. Motte-and-bailey castle
      2. Bastion
      3. Curtain wall (fortification)
      4. Gatehouse
      5. Keep
   3. Defensive wall (Level 4)
      1. Palisade
      2. Rampart (fortification)
   4. Hillfort
   5. Moat (Level 4)

Melee weapons

This section contains 40 articles.

1. Battle axe (Level 4)
   1. Tomahawk
2. Brass knuckles
3. Club (weapon) (Level 4)
   1. Baton (law enforcement)
   2. Mace (bludgeon)
   3. War hammer
4. Flail (weapon)
   1. Nunchaku
5. Sai (weapon)
6. Tonfa
7. Whip

Knives

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Bayonet (Level 4)
2. Knife (Level 3)
3. Dagger (Level 4)
4. Hunting knife
5. Pocketknife
   1. Swiss Army knife
   2. Switchblade
6. Throwing knife
7. Utility knife

Polearms

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Polearm
2. Halberd
3. Ji (polearm)
4. Lance
5. Naginata
6. Spear (Level 4)
   1. Pike (weapon)

Swords

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Sword (Level 4)
2. Claymore
3. Cutlass
4. Dao (Chinese sword)
5. Gladius
6. Katana (Level 4)
7. Longsword
8. Macuahuitl
9. Rapier (Level 4)
10. Sabre
11. Scimitar
12. Talwar

Ranged weapons

This section contains 100 articles.

1. Blowgun
2. Boomerang (Level 4)
3. Gun (Level 4)
4. Javelin
   1. Harpoon
   2. Spear-thrower
5. Sling (weapon) (Level 4)
6. Slingshot

Archery

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Bow and arrow (Level 4)
   1. Compound bow
   2. Longbow
   3. Recurve bow
2. Arrow
   1. Arrowhead
   2. Fletching
3. Bowstring
4. Crossbow (Level 4)
   1. Repeating crossbow
5. Quiver

Artillery

This section contains 13 articles.

1. Artillery (Level 4)
2. Cannon (Level 4)
   1. Field gun
   2. Howitzer
   3. Limbers and caissons
   4. Mortar (weapon) (Level 4)
3. Catapult (Level 4)
   1. Ballista (Level 4)
      1. Polybolos
   2. Mangonel
   3. Onager (weapon)
   4. Trebuchet
4. Rocket artillery

Firearms

This section contains 56 articles.

1. Firearm (Level 3)
   1. Fire lance
   2. Hand cannon
2. Handgun (Level 4)
   1. Revolver
   2. Pistol
3. Long gun
   1. Arquebus
   2. Musket (Level 4)
   3. Rifle (Level 4)
      1. Assault rifle
      2. Sniper rifle
   4. Shotgun (Level 4)
   5. Submachine gun
4. Machine gun (Level 4)
5. Autocannon
   1. Rotary cannon

Ammunition

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Ammunition (Level 4)
2. Gunpowder (Level 3)
   1. Powder keg
   2. Smokeless powder
3. Bullet
   1. Armor-piercing bullet
   2. Hollow-point bullet
   3. Tracer ammunition
4. Flechette
5. Cartridge (firearms)
   1. Sabot (firearms)
6. Shotgun cartridge
   1. Shot (pellet)
7. Shotgun slug

Mechanisms

This section contains 16 articles.

1. Breechloader
   1. Action (firearms)
      1. Automatic firearm
      2. Bolt action
      3. Repeating firearm
      4. Semi-automatic firearm
   2. Firing pin
   3. Magazine (firearms)
2. Gun barrel
   1. Rifling
3. Muzzleloader
   1. Flintlock
   2. Matchlock
   3. Percussion cap
   4. Wheellock
4. Trigger (firearms)

Specific firearms

This section contains 9 articles.

1. AK-47
2. Chassepot
3. Dreyse needle gun
4. Gatling gun
5. Glock
6. M134 Minigun
7. M4 carbine
8. M16 rifle
9. M1911 pistol

Missiles

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Missile (Level 4)
   1. Air-to-air missile
   2. Anti-tank guided missile
   3. Cruise missile
   4. Intercontinental ballistic missile
   5. Rocket-propelled grenade
   6. Surface-to-air missile
      1. Man-portable air-defense system
2. Missile guidance
3. Multiple rocket launcher
4. V-2 rocket
5. Warhead

Explosive weapons

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Bomb (Level 4)
   1. Improvised explosive device (Level 4)
      1. Car bomb
   2. Detonator
   3. Fuze
      1. Contact fuze
      2. Proximity fuze
2. Cluster munition (Level 4)
3. Grenade (Level 4)
4. Land mine (Level 4)
5. Plastic explosive
6. Shaped charge
   1. Explosively formed penetrator
   2. High-explosive anti-tank
7. Thermobaric weapon

Incendiary weapons

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Greek fire
2. Flamethrower
3. Molotov cocktail
4. Napalm (Level 4)
5. White phosphorus munition

Maneuver

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Horses in warfare (Level 4)
   1. Caltrop
   2. Chariot (Level 4)
2. Infantry fighting vehicle
   1. Armoured personnel carrier
   2. Technical (vehicle)
3. Tank (Level 4)
   1. Main battle tank
4. War elephant (Level 4)

Specific armor

This section contains 5 articles.

1. M1 Abrams
2. M4 Sherman
3. Panzer IV
4. T-34
5. T-54/T-55

Military aviation

This section contains 43 articles.

1. Military aviation
2. Military aircraft (Level 4)
   1. Military glider
   2. Military helicopter
3. Attack aircraft (Level 4)
   1. Gunship
4. Bomber (Level 4)
   1. Strategic bomber
   2. Heavy bomber
   3. Medium bomber
   4. Interdictor
   5. Penetrator (aircraft)
5. Fighter aircraft (Level 4)
   1. Air superiority fighter
   2. Interceptor aircraft
   3. Fighter-bomber
   4. Strike fighter
6. Electronic-warfare aircraft
7. Maritime patrol aircraft
8. Multirole combat aircraft
9. Military transport aircraft
10. Airborne early warning and control
11. Reconnaissance aircraft
12. Surveillance aircraft
13. Aerial refueling

Specific aircraft

This section contains 18 articles.

1. Boeing AH-64 Apache
2. Boeing B-29 Superfortress
   1. Enola Gay
3. Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
4. Dassault Rafale
5. Eurofighter Typhoon
6. Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II
7. General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
8. Lockheed C-130 Hercules
9. Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
10. Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
11. McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
12. Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
13. Mil Mi-24
14. North American P-51 Mustang
15. Northrop B-2 Spirit
16. Panavia Tornado
17. Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk

Naval warfare

This section contains 34 articles.

1. Warship (Level 4)
   1. Aircraft carrier (Level 4)
      1. Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
   2. Battleship (Level 4)
      1. Dreadnought
      2. Iowa-class battleship
      3. Yamato-class battleship
   3. Corvette
   4. Cruiser
   5. Destroyer
      1. Arleigh Burke-class destroyer
   6. Frigate
   7. Galleon
   8. Galley (Level 4)
      1. Trireme
   9. Gunboat
   10. Ironclad warship
   11. Ship of the line (Level 4)
2. Submarine (Level 4)
   1. Akula-class submarine
   2. Borei-class submarine
   3. Ohio-class submarine
   4. U-boat
   5. Vanguard-class submarine
3. Boom (navigational barrier)
4. Depth charge
5. Naval mine (Level 4)
6. Torpedo (Level 4)

Specific seacraft

This section contains 6 articles.

1. CSS Virginia
2. HMS Endeavour
3. USS Arizona
4. USS Constitution
5. USS Maine (1890)
6. USS Monitor

Less-lethal weapons

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Non-lethal weapon
2. Baton round
3. Sonic weapon
4. Stun grenade
5. Taser
6. Tear gas
   1. Pepper spray
7. Water cannon

Weapon of mass destruction

This section contains 13 articles.

1. Weapon of mass destruction (Level 4)
2. Biological warfare (Level 4)
   1. Entomological warfare
3. Chemical weapon (Level 4)
   1. Blister agent
   2. Blood agent
   3. Nerve agent
4. Dirty bomb
5. Nuclear weapon (Level 4)
   1. Thermonuclear weapon (Level 4)
      1. Tsar Bomba
   2. Nuclear weapon design
   3. Nuclear proliferation

Navigation and timekeeping

This section contains 85 articles. For units of time (hour, day, etc.), see Physical sciences – Measurement. For maps and cartography, see Geography – Physical geography.

Navigation

This section contains 21 articles.

1. Navigation (Level 3)
2. Compass (Level 3)
   1. Compass rose
3. Celestial navigation (Level 4)
   1. Backstaff
   2. Jacob's staff
   3. Octant (instrument)
   4. Quadrant (instrument)
   5. Sextant (Level 4)
4. Dead reckoning (Level 4)
5. Direction finding
6. Gyroscope (Level 4)
7. Piloting
8. Satellite navigation (Level 4)
   1. BeiDou
   2. Galileo (satellite navigation system)
   3. Global Positioning System (Level 4)
   4. GLONASS
   5. Satellite navigation device
9. Radar (Level 3)
10. Sonar (Level 4)

Timekeeping

This section contains 64 articles.

1. Astronomical year numbering
2. Calendar (Level 3)
3. Clock (Level 3)
4. Leap year (Level 4)
5. Leap second
6. Future (Level 4)
7. Present
8. Past (Level 4)
9. Standard time
10. Timeline
11. Time standard
    1. Coordinated Universal Time (Level 4)
    2. Greenwich Mean Time
    3. International Atomic Time
12. Time zone (Level 4)
    1. Daylight saving time (Level 4)

Calendars

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Solar calendar
   1. Gregorian calendar (Level 4)
      1. Anno Domini
      2. Common Era
   2. Julian calendar (Level 4)
2. Lunisolar calendar
   1. Buddhist calendar
   2. Chinese calendar (Level 4)
   3. Hindu calendar
3. Lunar calendar
   1. Hebrew calendar
   2. Islamic calendar (Level 4)

Clocks

This section contains 16 articles.

1. 12-hour clock
2. 24-hour clock
3. Alarm clock
4. Atomic clock (Level 4)
5. Digital clock
6. Clock face
7. Hourglass
8. Marine chronometer
9. Pendulum clock
   1. Pendulum (Level 4)
10. Quartz clock
11. Sundial (Level 4)
12. Watch (Level 4)
    1. Pocket watch
    2. Stopwatch
13. Water clock

Months

This section contains 12 articles.

1. January
2. February
3. March
4. April
5. May
6. June
7. July
8. August
9. September
10. October
11. November
12. December

Days of the week

This section contains 8 articles.

1. Names of the days of the week
2. Monday
3. Tuesday
4. Wednesday
5. Thursday
6. Friday
7. Saturday
8. Sunday

Optical technology

This section contains 65 articles.

Optical components

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Lens (Level 3)
   1. Fresnel lens
   2. Thin lens
2. Collimator
3. Diffraction grating (Level 4)
4. Mirror (Level 4)
   1. One-way mirror
5. Optical coating
   1. Anti-reflective coating (Level 4)
6. Optical fiber (Level 4)
7. Optical filter
8. Optical isolator
9. Polarizer (Level 4)
10. Prism (optics) (Level 4)
    1. Pentaprism

Optical instruments

This section contains 18 articles.

1. Autocollimator
2. Binoculars (Level 4)
3. Glasses (Level 4)
   1. Bifocals
   2. Contact lens
4. Goggles
5. Interferometry (Level 4)
6. Loupe
7. Magnifying glass
8. Microscope (Level 3)
   1. Electron microscope (Level 4)
      1. Scanning electron microscope
      2. Transmission electron microscopy
      3. Scanning tunneling microscope
   2. Optical microscope (Level 4)
9. Periscope
10. Projector
    1. Magic lantern

Lasers

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Laser (Level 3)
   1. Solid-state laser
      1. Ruby laser
      2. Nd:YAG laser
   2. Dye laser
   3. Gas laser
      1. Carbon-dioxide laser
      2. Helium–neon laser
2. Maser

Photography

This section contains 23 articles.

1. Camera (Level 3)
   1. Hidden camera
   2. Instant camera
   3. Rangefinder camera
   4. Single-lens reflex camera
      1. Digital single-lens reflex camera
   5. Twin-lens reflex camera
   6. Closed-circuit television
2. Daguerreotype
3. Holography (Level 4)
4. Photographic film (Level 4)
   1. Photographic plate
5. Photography (Level 3)
   1. Photograph
   2. Digital photography (Level 4)
   3. Fine-art photography (Level 4)
   4. Landscape photography
   5. Portrait photography
   6. Street photography
   7. Exposure (photography)
      1. Shutter speed
   8. Flash (photography)
   9. Multi-exposure HDR capture

Astronomical technology

This section contains 72 articles.

1. Astronomical catalogue
2. Ephemeris
3. Star chart
4. Astronomical Almanac

Telescope

This section contains 26 articles.

1. Telescope (Level 3)
2. Reflecting telescope
   1. Cassegrain reflector
   2. Dobsonian telescope
   3. Gregorian telescope
   4. Newtonian telescope
   5. Ritchey–Chrétien telescope
   6. Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope
3. Refracting telescope
4. X-ray telescope
5. Optical telescope (Level 4)
6. Infrared telescope
7. Radio telescope (Level 4)
8. Solar telescope
9. Space telescope
10. Astronomical interferometer
    1. Aperture synthesis
11. Telescope mount
    1. Altazimuth mount
    2. Equatorial mount
12. Active optics
13. Adaptive optics
14. Eyepiece
15. Astronomical filter
16. Primary mirror
17. Gravitational-wave observatory

Specific observatories

This section contains 42 articles.

Space-based observatories

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Hubble Space Telescope (Level 4)
2. Spitzer Space Telescope
3. Herschel Space Observatory
4. INTEGRAL
5. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
6. James Webb Space Telescope
7. Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
8. IRAS
9. Chandra X-ray Observatory
10. Kepler
11. GALEX
12. Hipparcos
13. Gaia (spacecraft)
14. XMM-Newton
15. ROSAT
16. Cosmic Background Explorer
17. Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

Ground-based observatories

This section contains 25 articles.

1. Atacama Large Millimeter Array (Level 4)
2. Mauna Kea Observatories (Level 4)
   1. Subaru Telescope
   2. W. M. Keck Observatory
3. Gemini Observatory
4. Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
5. LIGO
6. Virgo interferometer
7. IceCube Neutrino Observatory
8. Very Large Telescope
9. Large Binocular Telescope
10. Mount Wilson Observatory
11. Very Large Array
12. Very Long Baseline Array
13. Arecibo Observatory
14. Green Bank Telescope
15. Effelsberg 100-metre Radio Telescope
16. Low-Frequency Array
17. MeerKAT
18. Square Kilometre Array
19. Extremely Large Telescope
20. Giant Magellan Telescope
21. Wise Observatory
22. South Pole Telescope
23. Jodrell Bank Observatory

Space

This section contains 75 articles.

Basics

This section contains 22 articles.

1. Astronautics
2. Spaceflight (Level 3)
   1. Sub-orbital spaceflight
   2. Orbital spaceflight
   3. Artificial gravity
3. Spacecraft (Level 4)
4. Rocket (Level 3)
   1. Launch pad
   2. Launch vehicle (Level 4)
   3. Rocket engine (Level 4)
5. Satellite (Level 3)
6. Space station (Level 4)
7. Astronaut (Level 4)
   1. Space suit
8. Space capsule
9. Uncrewed spacecraft
10. Interstellar travel
11. Ion thruster
12. Space colonization
13. Space settlement
14. Space industry
15. Asteroid mining

Programs and launch sites

This section contains 17 articles.

1. NASA (Level 4)
   1. Apollo program (Level 4)
   2. Kennedy Space Center (Level 4)
   3. Project Gemini
   4. Project Mercury
2. Soviet space program (Level 4)
   1. Baikonur Cosmodrome (Level 4)
   2. Vostok programme
   3. Voskhod programme
   4. Soyuz programme
3. Roscosmos (Level 4)
4. European Space Agency (Level 4)
5. China National Space Administration (Level 4)
   1. Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
6. ISRO
7. Israel Space Agency
8. JAXA

Crewed vehicles

This section contains 10 articles.

1. Apollo 11 (Level 4)
2. International Space Station (Level 4)
3. Mir (Level 4)
4. Salyut 1
5. Space Shuttle (Level 4)
6. Saturn V (Level 4)
7. Soyuz (spacecraft) (Level 4)
8. Skylab
9. Tiangong space station
10. Vostok 1

Unmanned spacecraft

This section contains 17 articles.

1. Sputnik 1 (Level 4)
2. Sputnik 2
3. Luna 2
4. Luna 3
5. Mariner 2
6. Luna 9
7. Voyager program (Level 4)
   1. Voyager 1
   2. Voyager 2
   3. Voyager Golden Record
8. Pioneer program
   1. Pioneer 10
   2. Pioneer 11
9. New Horizons
10. Galileo project
11. Cassini–Huygens
12. MESSENGER

Rovers

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Rover (space exploration)
2. Mars rover
   1. Perseverance (rover)
   2. Curiosity (rover)
   3. Spirit (rover)
   4. Opportunity (rover)
   5. Sojourner (rover)
3. Lunar rover
   1. Lunokhod 1

Transportation

This section contains 490 articles.

Basics

This section contains 24 articles.

1. Transport (Level 2)
   1. Public transport (Level 4)
   2. Private transport
2. Travel (Level 4)
3. Airbag
4. Passenger
   1. Intermodal passenger transport
5. Freight transport (Level 4)
   1. Cargo (Level 4)
6. Induced demand
7. Lifebuoy
8. Personal flotation device
9. Steering
   1. Steering wheel
10. Seat belt
11. Traffic
    1. Traffic collision (Level 4)
    2. Traffic congestion
12. Vehicle (Level 3)
    1. Motor vehicle
    2. Alternative fuel vehicle
    3. Electric vehicle
    4. Battery electric vehicle
    5. Hybrid vehicle

Ground transport

This section contains 174 articles.

Concepts of ground transport

This section contains 23 articles.

1. Land transport (Level 4)
   1. Road transport (Level 4)
2. Breakdown (vehicle)
3. Charging station
4. Driving (Level 4)
   1. Driver's license
5. Filling station (Level 4)
6. Parking (Level 4)
   1. Parking lot
7. Service (motor vehicle)
   1. Automobile repair shop
   2. Bus garage
   3. Car wash
   4. Rail yard
8. Rest area
9. Tire (Level 4)
10. Transport hub
    1. Bus station
    2. Bus stop
    3. Train station (Level 4)
       1. Goods station
       2. Railway platform
    4. Park and ride

Road infrastructure

This section contains 25 articles. For bridges and tunnels, see transport infrastructure in #Infrastructure section.

1. Road (Level 3)
2. Avenue (landscape)
3. Boulevard
4. Cycling infrastructure
   1. Bicycle boulevard
   2. Bike lane
   3. Bicycle parking rack
   4. Shared-use path
   5. Bicycle-sharing system
5. Dirt road
6. Footpath
7. Highway (Level 4)
   1. Controlled-access highway (Level 4)
8. Road junction
   1. Interchange (road)
      1. Stack interchange
   2. Intersection (road)
      1. Traffic light
9. Pedestrian crossing
10. Scenic route
11. Sidewalk
12. Toll road
13. Traffic sign
    1. Stop sign
14. Trail (Level 4)

Motorized road transport

This section contains 56 articles.

1. Auto rickshaw
2. Bus (Level 4)
   1. Articulated bus
   2. Bus rapid transit
   3. Coach (bus)
   4. Double-decker bus
   5. Intercity bus service
   6. Minibus
   7. Public transport bus service
   8. School bus
   9. Trolleybus
3. Car (Level 3)
   1. Car suspension
   2. Convertible
   3. Coupe
   4. Electric car
   5. Grand tourer
   6. Hatchback
   7. Limousine
   8. Luxury car
   9. Muscle car
   10. Sedan (automobile)
   11. Self-driving car
   12. Sports car
   13. Station wagon
   14. Supercar
   15. T-top
4. Motorcycle (Level 4)
   1. Chopper (motorcycle)
   2. Minibike
   3. Moped
   4. Scooter (motorcycle)
      1. Motorized scooter
      2. E-scooter-sharing system
   5. Sport bike
5. Off-road vehicle
   1. All-terrain vehicle
   2. Dune buggy
   3. Snowmobile
6. Recreational vehicle
7. Shared transport
   1. Carpool
   2. Demand-responsive transport
8. Trailer (vehicle)
9. Truck (Level 4)
   1. Flatbed truck
   2. Monster truck
   3. Pickup truck
   4. Semi-trailer truck
   5. SUV
10. Van (Level 4)
    1. Minivan
11. Vehicle for hire
    1. Motorcycle taxi
    2. Share taxi
    3. Taxi (Level 4)

Rail and cable transport

This section contains 31 articles.

1. Rail transport (Level 4)
   1. Inter-city rail
   2. Railway track (Level 4)
      1. Elevated railway
   3. Railway electrification
   4. Flying junction
2. Cable transport (Level 4)
   1. Aerial tramway
   2. Cable car (railway)
   3. Funicular
   4. Gondola lift
   5. Ski lift
3. High-speed rail (Level 4)
   1. Maglev
4. Train (Level 3)
   1. Locomotive (Level 4)
      1. Electric locomotive
      2. Diesel locomotive
      3. Steam locomotive (Level 4)
   2. Railroad car
   3. Rolling stock
   4. Passenger train
      1. Commuter rail
   5. Rail freight transport
   6. Freight train
5. Tram (Level 4)
   1. Interurban
   2. Light rail
6. Rapid transit (Level 4)
   1. Light metro
   2. Monorail (Level 4)

Animal-powered transport

This section contains 7 articles.

1. Carriage (Level 4)
2. Cart (Level 4)
3. Horsecar
4. Saddle (Level 4)
5. Stirrup
6. Stagecoach
7. Wagon

Human-powered transport

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Bicycle (Level 3)
   1. Bicycle brake
   2. Bicycle gearing
   3. Derailleur
   4. Shifter (bicycle part)
   5. Electric bicycle
   6. Mountain bike
   7. Penny-farthing
   8. Recumbent bicycle
   9. Tandem bicycle
2. Handcar
3. Kick scooter
4. Rickshaw (Level 4)
5. Tricycle
6. Unicycle

Specific-purpose transportation

This section contains 13 articles. For medical transport, see Medical section

1. Baby transport
2. Fire engine
3. Paratransit
4. Pipeline (Level 4)
5. Police car
6. Heavy equipment
   1. Bulldozer
   2. Dump truck
   3. Excavator
   4. Loader (equipment)
   5. Road roller
      1. Steamroller
   6. Tractor (Level 4)

Specific automobiles

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Ford Model T
2. Ford Mustang
3. Toyota Corolla
4. Volkswagen Beetle

Maritime transport

This section contains 74 articles. For military watercraft, see Military technology. For pier and port, see coastal infrastructure.

1. Maritime transport (Level 4)
2. Ship (Level 3)
   1. Anchor
   2. Keel
   3. Rudder
3. Watercraft
   1. Oar
4. Buoy
5. Canal (Level 3)
   1. Lock (water navigation) (Level 4)
6. Barge (Level 4)
7. Boat (Level 4)
8. Canoe (Level 4)
9. Cargo ship (Level 4)
   1. Container ship
10. Ferry (Level 4)
11. Fishing vessel (Level 4)
12. Gondola
13. Hospital ship
14. Hovercraft (Level 4)
15. Hydrofoil
16. Icebreaker
17. Inflatable boat
18. Jet ski
19. Kayak
20. Lifeboat (rescue)
21. Merchant ship (Level 4)
22. Motor ship
23. Motorboat
24. Multihull
    1. Catamaran
25. Naval architecture
26. Outrigger
27. Passenger ship (Level 4)
    1. Cruise ship
    2. Ocean liner
28. Raft
29. Riverboat (Level 4)
30. Sail (Level 4)
    1. Mast (sailing)
31. Sailboat
    1. Schooner
    2. Sloop
32. Sailing ship (Level 4)
    1. Caravel
    2. Clipper
    3. Junk (ship)
33. Sailing (Level 4)
34. Shipbuilding (Level 4)
35. Steamboat
36. Steamship (Level 4)
    1. Paddle steamer
37. Submersible
    1. Diving bell
    2. Remotely operated underwater vehicle
    3. Trieste (bathyscaphe)
38. Tanker (ship) (Level 4)
    1. Oil tanker
39. Tugboat
40. Yacht

Specific piers and ports

This section contains 13 articles.

1. Port of Singapore
2. Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan
3. Port of Busan
4. Port of Rotterdam
5. Port of Jebel Ali
6. Port of Los Angeles
7. Port of New York and New Jersey
8. Port of Shanghai
9. Port of Yokohama
10. Port of Kobe
11. Port of Hamburg
12. PortMiami
13. Port of Barcelona

Specific ships

This section contains 1 article.

1. Titanic

Aviation

This section contains 109 articles.

Concepts of aviation

This section contains 15 articles.

1. Aviation (Level 4)
2. Aeronautics
3. Aircraft (Level 3)
   1. Aircraft registration
4. Airline (Level 4)
5. Airport (Level 4)
   1. Airline hub
   2. Airport terminal
   3. Helipad
   4. Runway
6. Air traffic control (Level 4)
7. Civil aviation
   1. General aviation
   2. Parachute (Level 4)
8. Environmental impact of aviation

Types of aircraft

This section contains 26 articles.

Aerostats

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Aerostat
2. Balloon (aeronautics) (Level 4)
   1. Hot air balloon (Level 4)
   2. Gas balloon
3. Airship (Level 4)
   1. Blimp
   2. Rigid airship
      1. Zeppelin
   3. Semi-rigid airship

Fixed-wing aircraft

This section contains 14 articles.

1. Fixed-wing aircraft (Level 4)
2. Airplane (Level 4)
   1. Airliner
3. Biplane
4. Cargo aircraft
5. Flying wing
6. Glider (aircraft) (Level 4)
7. Jet aircraft (Level 4)
8. Monoplane
9. Seaplane
10. Supersonic aircraft
11. Triplane
12. Ultralight aviation
13. V/STOL

Other types of aircraft

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Rotorcraft
   1. Helicopter (Level 4)
2. Unmanned aerial vehicle (Level 4)

Aircraft components

This section contains 48 articles.

Aircraft engine

This section contains 10 articles.

1. Aircraft engine (Level 4)
2. Auxiliary power unit
3. Jet engine (Level 4)
   1. Turbofan
   2. Turbojet
4. Radial engine
5. Turboprop
6. Turboshaft
7. Thrust reversal
8. Thrust vectoring

Airframe

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Airframe
2. Aircraft fairing
3. Empennage
4. Fuselage
5. Landing gear
6. Wing (Level 4)
   1. Airfoil
   2. Canard (aeronautics)
   3. Delta wing
   4. Swept wing
   5. Variable-sweep wing
   6. Wingtip device

Avionics

This section contains 11 articles.

1. Avionics
2. ACARS
3. Airborne collision avoidance system
4. ARINC 429
5. Autopilot
6. FADEC
7. Flight management system
8. Flight recorder
9. Future Air Navigation System
10. Health and usage monitoring systems
11. Integrated modular avionics

Flight control surfaces

This section contains 9 articles.

1. Flight control surfaces
2. Aileron
3. Air brake (aeronautics)
4. Elevator (aeronautics)
5. Flap (aeronautics)
6. Leading-edge slat
7. Spoiler (aeronautics)
8. Stabilizer (aeronautics)
9. Trim tab

Other aircraft components

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Aircraft flight control system
   1. Fly-by-wire
2. Cockpit
   1. Flight instruments
   2. Glass cockpit
3. Line-replaceable unit

Specific aircraft

This section contains 20 articles. For military aircraft, see Military technology

1. Airbus A300
2. Airbus A320 family
3. Airbus A380
4. Antonov An-225 Mriya
5. Boeing 707
6. Boeing 737
7. Boeing 747
8. Boeing 777
9. De Havilland Canada Dash 8
10. Cessna 172
11. Concorde
12. de Havilland Comet
13. Douglas DC-3
14. Embraer E-Jet family
15. Ilyushin Il-76
16. Lockheed Constellation
17. McDonnell Douglas DC-9
18. Mil Mi-8
19. Tupolev Tu-154
20. Wright Flyer

Specific transportation systems

This section contains 109 articles.

Ground transportation networks

This section contains 18 articles. See Geography/Physical for Maritime transportation network. See Society/Politic and economic for companies that operate transportation networks.

1. Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
2. Arab Mashreq International Road Network
3. Asian Highway Network
4. Autobahn
5. Camino de Santiago
6. Inca road system
7. Interstate Highway System
8. Roman roads
   1. Appian Way
9. Pan-American Highway
10. Trans-African Highway network
11. Trans-European Transport Network
    1. Trans-European high-speed rail network
12. EuroVelo
13. European long-distance paths
14. Holocaust trains
15. Transcontinental railroad
16. U.S. Route 66

Rapid transit

This section contains 63 articles.

Africa

This section contains 1 article.

1. Cairo Metro

Americas

This section contains 12 articles.

1. Caracas Metro
2. Mexico City Metro
3. Santiago Metro

Brazil

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Rio de Janeiro Metro
2. São Paulo Metro

Canada

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Montreal Metro
2. Toronto subway
3. SkyTrain (Vancouver)

United States

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Chicago Transit Authority
2. Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
3. New York City Subway (Level 4)
4. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority

Asia

This section contains 24 articles.

1. Dubai Metro
2. Transjakarta
3. Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
4. Taipei Metro
5. Tehran Metro

China

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Beijing Subway
2. Chongqing Rail Transit
3. Guangzhou Metro
4. MTR
5. Shanghai Metro
6. Shenzhen Metro

India

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Delhi Metro
2. Hyderabad Metro
3. Kolkata Metro
4. Mumbai Metro
5. Namma Metro

Japan

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Hiroshima Electric Railway
2. Nagoya Municipal Subway
3. Osaka Metro
4. Sapporo Municipal Subway
5. Toei Subway
6. Tokyo Metro

South Korea

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Busan Metro
2. Seoul Metropolitan Subway

Europe

This section contains 26 articles.

1. Athens Metro
2. Brussels Metro
3. Budapest Metro
4. Istanbul Metro
5. Kyiv Metro
6. Prague Metro
7. Vienna U-Bahn

France

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Lyon Metro
2. Paris Metro
3. Réseau Express Régional

Germany

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Berlin U-Bahn
2. Munich U-Bahn
3. S-Bahn

Italy

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Milan Metro
2. Rome Metro

Netherlands

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Amsterdam Metro
2. Rotterdam Metro

Russia

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Moscow Metro
2. Saint Petersburg Metro

Scandinavia

This section contains 4 articles.

1. Copenhagen Metro
2. Helsinki Metro
3. Oslo Metro
4. Stockholm Metro

Spain

This section contains 2 articles.

1. Barcelona Metro
2. Madrid Metro

United Kingdom

This section contains 1 article.

1. London Underground (Level 4)

High-speed rail

This section contains 10 articles.

1. AVE
2. China Railway High-speed
3. Eurostar
4. Frecciarossa
5. Intercity Express
6. KTX
7. Shinkansen (Level 4)
8. Taiwan High Speed Rail
9. TGV
10. Sapsan

Railway lines

This section contains 5 articles.

1. Trans-Australian Railway
2. Chinese Eastern Railway
3. Trans-Mongolian Railway
4. Trans-Siberian Railway (Level 4)
5. Union Pacific Railroad

Railway services

This section contains 1 article.

1. Orient Express

Airports

This section contains 12 articles.

Asia

This section contains 6 articles.

1. Beijing Capital International Airport
2. Dubai International Airport
3. Haneda Airport
4. Hong Kong International Airport
5. Indira Gandhi International Airport
6. Shanghai Pudong International Airport

Europe

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Charles de Gaulle Airport
2. Heathrow Airport
3. Sheremetyevo International Airport

North America

This section contains 3 articles.

1. Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
2. John F. Kennedy International Airport
3. Los Angeles International Airport