Khiva operation (1919-1920)
| Khiva operation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Basmachi movement | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Russian SFSRYoung Khivans |
 Basmachi movement Cossacks | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Mikhail Frunze Nikolay Shaidakov Kosh-Mammed-khan Gulam Ali |
Junaid Khan | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 830 men | Unknown | ||||||
Siege of Khiva (1920), was a military engagement between the forces of Junaid Khan and the Soviets led by Mikhail Frunze and Nikolay Shaidakov. The soviet offensive resulted in a Soviet victory, leading to fall of the Khivan Khanate and creation of the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic.
Background
[edit]The Soviets in 1919 were preparing for military actions against the Khanates of Khiva and Bukhara.[1]
Soviet offensive
[edit]The Soviets launched their offensive in 22-25 december 1919, capturing Khanki and Urgench without resistance.[2][3] In response, Junaid Khan regroups his troops and lays a 3 week siege on Urgench.[2] In late December, Nikolay Shaidakov with 400 men attacks and defeats Cossack and Karakalpak forces near Chimbai (north of Khiva) and captures Khodjeyli.[2] In early January 1920, local Turkmen insurgents "Kosh-Mammed-khan, Gulam Ali, and others" join the Soviets.[2] On January 2, they capture Konye-Urgench.[2] On January 23, Junaid Khan was defeated; his residence, Bedirkent, fell to Soviets.[4][5] On february 1, Khiva fell into the hands of the Soviets with the help of the Young Khivans.[6][7][8][3]
Aftermath
[edit]After fall of the Khanate of Khiva, Junaid Khan fled into the Karakum desert and continued leading operations there.[9][10] On February 2 The Khan of Khiva was abdicated,[11][12] ending the Kungrat dynasty's rule in Khiva.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ Fraser, Glenda (1987). "Basmachi — I". Central Asian Survey. 6 (1): 7. doi:10.1080/02634938708400571. ISSN 0263-4937.
- ^ a b c d e Becker (1968). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia--Bukhara and Khiva 1865-1924. p. 288.
- ^ a b "The dramatic end of Khiva state". www.advantour.com. Retrieved 2025-10-27.
- ^ Abashin, Sergey. Поляков Ю.А., Чугунов А.И. Конец басмачества. М., 1976. p. 54.
- ^ Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР. Энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1983.
- ^ Baumann, Robert F. "Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan" (PDF). www.armyupress.army.mil. p. 97. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-05-28. Retrieved 2025-10-27.
- ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2006-09-25). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-691-12799-6.
- ^ Publications, Europa (2003-09-02). A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia. Routledge. p. 269. ISBN 978-1-135-35680-4.
- ^ De Lageard, Helene Aymen (1987). "The revolt of the basmachi according to red army journals (1920–1922)". Central Asian Survey. 6 (3): 31. doi:10.1080/02634938708400590. ISSN 0263-4937.
- ^ Olcott, Martha B. (1981). "The Basmachi or Freemen's revolt in Turkestan 1918–24". Soviet Studies. 33 (3): 352–369. doi:10.1080/09668138108411365. ISSN 0038-5859.
- ^ Wood, William A. (2019-01-01). "Khorezm and the Khanate of Khiva". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History: 10. doi:10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190277727.013.284. ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7.
- ^ Chahryar Adle:History of Civilizations of Central Asia volume VI, page 319
- ^ Ubiria, Grigol (2015-09-16). Soviet Nation-Building in Central Asia: The Making of the Kazakh and Uzbek Nations. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-317-50435-1.