Basque Language and Communication

Komunikabideetan, oro har, elebakartasunaren ideologia eta praxia lehenetsi dira, batez ere XX. mendeko 80ko eta 90eko hamarkadetan. Baina, medioen ekologia guztiz aldatu da azken hogei urteotan: homogeneo eta kontrolatua izatetik, ahots eta ideologia linguistiko anitzeko testuinguru mediatiko heteroglosiko batera igaro da. Joera heteroglosiko hori bereziki nabaria da gazteei zuzendutako komunika-bideetan. Bernakulizazioa eta translokalizazioa, joera soziolinguistiko biak antzeman dira azken urteotan gazteen erabileran. Lan honetan bernakulizazioan jarriko dugu arreta: bernakulizazioak gazte-komunikabideen diseinu sozioestilistikoan duen lekua aztertu dugu Gaztea Irratia (EITB) komunikabidearen kasuan. Diseinu hori gazteen testuinguru soziomediatikoaren marko orokorrean aztertu dugu, heteroglosia eta gazte-identitate mediatikoaren artean antzeman daitekeen lotura abiapuntu. Generally speaking, a monolingual ideology and praxis has been prioritised in the media, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. Yet the media ecology has completely changed in the last two decades: from being homogenous and controlled, it has been transformed into a heteroglossic media context of multiple linguistic voices and ideologies. That heteroglossic tendency is especially evident in media aimed at young people. Vernacularisation and translocalisation, two sociolinguistic tendencies, have been apparent in recent years among young people's language use. This article will focus on vernacularisa-tion: we have examined the presence of vernacularisation in the sociostylistic design of youth media in the case of the radio station Gaztea (EITB). We will explain that design within that general framework of the sociomediatic context of young people, starting from the links that can be perceived between heteroglossia and youth media identity.

1. Sarrera: Diseinu linguistikoa eta transmedia engaiatzea Komunikabideak, haien audientziak non dauden bilatu, eta horren arabera mugitzen dira krosmediatikoki, hots, medioetan zehar; baita komunikabideetatik kanpo ere, bereziki offline/online komunikazioak uztartzen dituzten media-proiektuen kasuan. Audientzien fideltasuna sendotzeko parte-hartzea sustatzen duten estrategiak diseinatzen dituzte: hartzaileak kontsumitze izate hutsetik harago bultzatzen dituztenak, parte-hartzaile aktibo izatera, jarraitzaile edo fan, medio-komunitate baten kide (Jenkins 2006; Jenkins et al. 2013; Scolari 2013, 2014) Jenkins et al.ek (2013) 'Transmedia engaiatzea' (Transmedia engagement) deitu duten estrategia orokor horrek, nabarmenki aldatzen ditu komunikabideen eta medio-produktuen komunikazio-parametroak eta, ondorioz, aldaketa ugari ekartzen dizkio produktuen diseinu linguistiko-diskurtsiboari, hau da, produktuen baliabide linguistiko eta diskurtsiboak kudeatzen den erari. Hasteko, transmediatikoki garatzeak, eta bereziki transmediak ekarri ohi duen web garapenak, hainbat aplikazio, modu eta aktibitate uztartzea dakar: offline medioetan isolaturik lantzen ziren moduak (audioak, bideoak, testu idatziak, argazkiak,...) estrategia komunikatibo batean integratu behar dira, askotan webgune plataforma multimodal bakarrean ere; transmediak jatorri, egiletza, ahalmen (affordance) eta ekoizpen baldintza desberdinak dituzten medio-elementuak biltzen ditu diseinu bakar batean. Horren ondorioz, transmedia-proiektuetan

Hizkuntza-politikaren erronkak gazteen komunikabideetan: hizkuntza-politiken eta medio-politiken helburuak harmonizatzen Desafíos de la política lingüística en los medios de comunicación para jóvenes: armonizando los objetivos de las políticas lingüísticas y las políticas mediáticas Agurtzane Elordui 1 Recibido el 18 de mayo de 2015, aceptado el 3 de mayo de 2016. Abstract In the current digital media environments, the effectiveness of the policies of media in minority languages will depend on their ability to attract young users to interact with media. Participation seems particularly relevant for an interaction strategy to attract young people, a relevant issue that links the goals of any plan for language revival with a strategy for new media development. This work analyzes the patterns of participation of two public minority media, namely BBC ALBA's and EITB's strategies. It has focused on successful participative proposals, such as the cases of FilmG and Gaztea, where there are interesting guidelines to increase the visibility of minority content in a global market.

In the normative, academic and informative work on Basque there are constant debates on the boundaries of what meant by the terms ‘real Basque and ‘legitimate Basque’ and, alongside them, a ‘authentic Basque speaker’ and a ‘legitimate Basque speaker’. In the case of broadcast media more than anywhere else: probably because of the the idea that media professionals must be ideal speakers,
and their speech examples to follow. Pietikäinen et al (2016) have studied
similar conflicts and tensions in the cases of Welsh, Irish, Corsican and Sami
languages, and they defend that those tensions are often addressed by means of
creative practices in this performance era: in an explicit and reflexive way, by
means of satire and other forms of humour, especially parody.
In this work our subject of research is Jon Gotzon Aldaparena Gaztea radio’s
parody. This parody is especially illustrative of resistance towards institutional and academic restriction or delimitation, as well as the power of parody when it comes to sociolinguistic transgression. Jon Gotzon is a character for the radio show DidaGaztea. He is a hyperbolic and parodic stylisation of a new Basque speaker. He challenges ‘good’, ‘authentic’ and ‘native’ Basque-speaking styles: in his language stylisation and parodic discourses. This study seeks to explore
the ideological positions Jon Gotzon’s parody reveals, specially in the position it has with hybrid identities in the Basque speaking community. We defend that this parody, and humour more generally, can be considered a catalyst for ideological restructuring or sociolinguistic change.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the evaluation of the present state of lexicaldiscursive development in scientific texts written in Basque. More specifically, it focuses on the study of terminological variation in texts on genetic engineering of different degrees of specialization. It describes the patterns of variation found in those texts, and attempt to relate such patterns to different types of sociolinguistic and discourse factors. The sociolinguistic factors are mostly associated with the incomplete normalization of Basque. For that reason, we also discuss the issue of terminological variation in languages undergoing normalization and we propose a set of recommendations based in this study, which we feel should be borne in mind during the normalization of terminology of those languages.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the evaluation of the present state of lexicaldiscursive development in scientific texts written in Basque. More specifically, it focuses on the study of terminological variation in texts on genetic engineering of different degrees of specialization. It describes the patterns of variation found in those texts, and attempt to relate such patterns to different types of sociolinguistic and discourse factors. The sociolinguistic factors are mostly associated with the incomplete normalization of Basque. For that reason, we also discuss the issue of terminological variation in languages undergoing normalization and we propose a set of recommendations based in this study, which we feel should be borne in mind during the normalization of terminology of those languages.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es contribuir al entendimiento de varias cuestiones acerca de los principios lingiifsticos y sociolingiiisticos que gobieman la direcci6n del cambio estructural en las lenguas en vias de extinci6n. En particular, nos interesan los principios que determinan las condiciones de permeabilidad en los casos de transferencia lingiiistica y los que gobieman la direcci6n y difusi6n de 10s cambios que no pueden ser explicados como transferencia directa 0 indirecta de la lengua en contacto. Para contribuir aI estudio de estas cuestiones. tratamos las estrategias compensatorias de transferencia y simplificaci6n observadas en el cambio estructural de dos dialectos vascos tenninales: el vizcafno del sudoeste y el del noroeste. Nuestras conclusiones apoyan hip6tesis que se ban propuesto para ienguas en contacto: (i) Los cambios estructurales que muestran transferencia estructural vienen detenrunados por la preexistencia de paralelismos estructurales especCficos entre las lenguas en contacto; (ii) 105 casos de simplificaci6n parecen gobemados por una jerarqufa de marcaci6n y principios universales de caracter cognitivo, entendido este como transparencia morfo16gica y semantica.

In this paper I present a study of language death from a linguistic perspective. Starting with an examination of the changes which are found in languages with a weakened linguistic structure} I then focus on changes round by compating different types of spakers from South Western varieties of Basque. Consequently} I analyse the main linguistic change trends that South Western varieties of Basque have in common with weakened languages. I have paid particular attention to an aspect which has not been the object of much research in previous work in this area} namely the direction of change in weakened languages. For this purpose} I have taken into account the maintenance and loss hierarchies which are predicted for linguistic changes and the different directions ofchange which are manifest in these hierarchies. o. Sarrera* Izenburuak berak adierazten duenez, hizkuntz heriotza prozesuaz eta, zehazkiago, hiltzear edo desagertzear dauden hizkuntzetan gertatzen diren aldaketa morfologikoez mintzatu nahi dugu lan honetan. Esan behar da, dena dela, izenburuan euskararen kasua jarri dugun arren, ikerketa hau gaur egun desagertzear dagoen * Artikulu hau Julio Urkixo Euskal Filologi Mintegiak antolatutako Euskal Linguistika eta Filologiako 11 Kongresuan (Morfologia teoria eta Euskal Morfologia, 1994eko abuztua) emandako hitzaldiaren testu zuzendu eta osatua da. Hasi aurretik nire eskerrak adierazi nahi nizkieke lan honetarako materialen bilketan galdetegi luze bezain astunak egonarri handiz erantzunez lagundu didaten

In the decade of the sixties, the main concern of the experts in Basque language was how to unite the speech community. However, after forty years of Standard Basque, the objective is to develop a language that is well adapted to each register. The lexis is the key in the functional development that the adaptation to each register requires, and that is exactly what we shall study in this work. We shall analyse, from the point of view of functional diversity, the methodology of the Standard Basque Dictionary, the purpose of which is to organize the standard Basque lexicon. We reach the conclusion that Standard Basque has taken certain steps to get closer to the functional variability desideratum. However, we have also detected methodological practices that may be an obstacle in this functional development. As a result, we draw up the outline of the methodological changes that would be required to accommodate linguistic norms to the variation at the register level.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Euskararen normalizazioaren erronka berriak: komunikabideetako profesionalak eta hizkuntzalariak elkarlanean Agurtzane Elordui, Igone Zabala

Researches addressing variation in language loss suggest that the factors underlining variation in endangered languages differ from the factors that account for variation in healthy languages. The results of this study focused on the patterns of variation across the language use of different speakers of two dying dialects of Basque, also show that differences related with the social status of the speakers do not explain the morphosyntactic variation found in these dialects. The data indicate that the pattern of variation found in these terminal communities can be better accounted for in terms of differentiation in the degree of language use frequency of the speakers and in the diversity of their acquisitional backgrounds. These results come to confirme King's proposal according to wich variation arises in dying languages as a result of a language death process whereby simplified variants gradually replace more complex variants, especially in the speech of semi-speakers (King 198...

Hizkuntzaren zenbait profesionalen iritzietan maiz aurkitzen ditugu ‘artifiziala’ ‘ez-naturala’ ‘ez-euskara’, ‘Marteko euskara’, ‘orotariko euskara’ bezalako balioztatzeak zenbait euskaldunen ahozko nahiz idatzizko ekoizpenez ari direnean. Boladan bide dago euskararen kalitateari buruzko iritziak ematea (Zuazo 2000, Garzia 2004, besteak beste). Erabilera berrietan egiten den euskaraz, eta bereziki euskara tekniko-zientifikoaz, are tonu iraingarriagoa erabili ohi da: narrasa, zabarra, onartezina, mordoilokeria, izugarrikeria bezalakoak denoi egiten zaizkigu ezagunak. Zientzialariek erabiltzen duten euskara maiz aipatu ohi da euskara kaxkar eta antikomunikatiboaren adibide paradigmatiko modura. Zientzia Fakultateko euskara ‘Leioako euskalkia’ izendatzeraino heldu denik ere ez da falta, eta bertan sortuta-

In this paper I present a study of language death from a linguistic perspective. Starting with an examination of the changes which are found in languages with a weakened linguistic structure, I then focus on changes round by compating different types of spakers from South Western varieties of Basque. Consequently, I analyse the main linguistic change trends that South Western varieties of Basque have in common with weakened languages. I have paid particular attention to an aspect which has not been the object of much research in previous work in this area, namely the direction of change in weakened languages. For this purpose, I have taken into account the maintenance and loss hierarchies which are predicted for linguistic changes and the different directions of change which are manifest in these hierarchies.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the evaluation of the present state of lexical-discursive development in scientific texts written in Basque. More specifically, it focuses on the study of terminological variation in texts on genetic engineering of different degrees of specialization. It describes the patterns of variation found in those texts, and attempt to relate such patterns to different types of sociolinguistic and discourse factors. The sociolinguistic factors are mostly associated with the incomplete normalization of Basque. For that reason, we also discuss the issue of terminological variation in languages undergoing normalization and we propose a set of recommendations based in this study, which we feel should be borne in mind during the normalization of terminology of those languages.

Desde la creacion y desarrollo de la lengua estandar (euskara batua) esa modalidad linguistica ha recibido un trato de preferencia en las actividades llevadas a cabo en la institucion escolar, de manera que las otras variantes dialectales han quedado relegadas a un segundo plano o incluso ignoradas. Sin embargo, en los ultimos anos se percibe un resurgir del debate acerca del valor de los usos dialectales en diferentes contextos comunicativos, entre ellos el referente a la escuela, lo que plantea una serie de interrogantes acerca del tratamiento que dichas variantes han de recibir en el mencionado contexto. Esta linea de investigacion pretende responder a una serie de cuestiones que se plantean en ese ambito.

1.-1. Bonaparteren sailkapenez geroztik bizkaieraren mugaketaz ihardun duten lanen urritasunak aski argi adierazten du printzeari euskal dialektologiaren aintzindaritza ezezik, mugaketaren arlo honetan gailurretaraino heltzea ere maizegi iratxeki zaiola. Harrigarria da, ostera, printzeak urte luzeen buruan egin zuen eskuizkribu eta datu bilketaz eta bere Ian dialektologikoetan erakutsi zituen zuzentasun eta zorroztasunaz aipamen eta iruzkinak sarri aurki daitezkeen bitartean, bakan batzu izatea bere eritzi linguistikoak eta, batez ere, euskalkien barnean aditzera eman ziruen ezberdintasunetarako zerabiltzan erizpideak txerkatu diruzten ikerketak.2 Aurreneko Ian moetek duten garrantzia eta erabilgarritasuna ukatu gabe, printzearen erizpide linguistikoen ingutuko azterketa zehatzik ezak eta, bereziki, edozein Ian dialektologikoren emaitzak are gehiago sailkapen linguistiko batenak ikerlariak hautatzen dituen erkagai linguistikoen araberakoak direlako usteak eraginik, interesgarriago b...

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es contribuir al entendimiento de varias cuestiones acerca de los principios lingiifsticos y sociolingiiisticos que gobieman la direcci6n del cambio estructural en las lenguas en vias de extinci6n. En particular, nos interesan los principios que determinan las condiciones de permeabilidad en los casos de transferencia lingiiistica y los que gobieman la direcci6n y difusi6n de 10s cambios que no pueden ser explicados como transferencia directa 0 indirecta de la lengua en contacto. Para contribuir aI estudio de estas cuestiones. tratamos las estrategias compensatorias de transferencia y simplificaci6n observadas en el cambio estructural de dos dialectos vascos tenninales: el vizcafno del sudoeste y el del noroeste. Nuestras conclusiones apoyan hip6tesis que se ban propuesto para ienguas en contacto: (i) Los cambios estructurales que muestran transferencia estructural vienen detenrunados por la preexistencia de paralelismos estructurales especCfico...