Commerce

Sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages have been rising globally. This is making the alcohol industry worth over $1344 billion today. This rise in alcohol consumption has not been without its gray shades in the form of alcohol abuse, alcohol-related crimes, accidents and deaths. This paper studies and compares the Responsible Beverage Service practices between India and Australia to understand its scope and impact. The study draws upon review and analysis of research and data from literature and alcohol policies of the two countries. The study reveals the similarities and differences in the approach towards Responsible Beverage Service between these two countries and suggests methods to strengthen this practice in India.

In this paper we aim at optimizing the Grover's search algorithm. In our algorithm, we have repeated the inversion step a number of times instead of stopping after a single step. Measurement after a single step required a larger number of subsystems which im-paired the effectiveness ...

This paper is designed to unlock the importance of Corporate Governance in the Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe. Corporates and their Executives need to account for their actions and activities. SMEs and their Executives are not exceptional to the rule. The sample size of this research paper consisted of 1 000 SMEs located in 5 out of a total of 10 Zimbabwean Provinces, namely Bulawayo Metropolitan, Harare Metropolitan, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South and Midlands. The research instrument used was the self-administered questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using both inferential and descriptive statistical tools. Results obtained from the study revealed that corporate governance is not applied in SME Organisations. The paper recommended the application of corporate governance in SME Organisations to separate the owners from the organisations.

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This paper is designed to look at how the owner/managers of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe scan their business environment to create a competitive atmosphere that keeps them in business and facilitate the growth of their enterprises. The  sample size of this research paper consisted of 1000 SMEs located in 5 out of a total of 10 Zimbabwean Provinces, namely Bulawayo Metropolitan, Harare Metropolitan, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South and Midlands. Stratified random sampling technique was used. The research instrument used was the self-administered questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using both inferential and descriptive statistical tools. Results from the study revealed that environmental scanning is not fully utilized by SME organizations and yet it’s a critical tool to be used by large corporations or SMEs. The paper recommended that SME owner/managers should embrace formal environmental scanning into their strategic management processes for the success of their organizations.

This paper is designed to unlock how the Owner/Managers of Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Zimbabwe implement business strategies to enable their organizations to survive stiff competition within the SME sector and large corporates.  The sample size of this research paper consisted of 1 000 SMEs located in 5 out of a total of 10 Zimbabwean Provinces, namely Bulawayo Metropolitan,  Harare Metropolitan Province, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South and Midlands.  The research instrument used was the self -administered questionnaire.  Data collected was analyzed using both inferential and descriptive statistical tools.  Results obtained from the study revealed that strategic management is not fully practiced in these SME organizations and the fact that strategic management is not in full operation simply point out that strategy formulation is not done.  The paper recommended the use of formal strategic management processes by SMEs for the success of these organizations.

Studies on leadership has always fascinated businesses and researchers alike as the impact a leader can make to the fate of an organisation is tremendous. In this non-empirical review study, one of the much researched leadership style i.e., transformational leadership style is the focus. The author reviews 25 research studies conducted in 19 different countries in the past 5 years on the impact of transformational leadership style. The objective is to understand the relevance of this style in a cross-cultural setting across diverse industries. It is found that transformational leadership style significantly influences many individual and organisational variables like job satisfaction, organisational commitment, psychological well-being etc., towards positive organisational outcomes irrespective of the location of the study. It implies that leaders in today's organisations have to consider imbibing transformational leadership behaviours in order to become more effective in their trade.

The research explores the relationship between perceived transformational leadership behavior of the heads of departments and the affective commitment of faculty members in the higher education institutions in Bangalore. The sample consists of 308 faculty members from various universities and affiliated colleges in Bangalore. It was found that there is a positive statistically significant relationship between the two variables of the study. The finding is relevant in terms of choosing and managing the performance of academic leadership in the Indian higher education context.

Ethical businesses can bring prosperity to society without creating harm to people or environment. Most of the huge corporate scams and frauds involve men in comparison to women. Many studies have found that women at the top management positions in businesses are more ethical than their male counterparts. In the context of growing number of women entering into the corporate world and decisionmaking positions of businesses, this study explores the question whether the ethical sensitivity of women is higher than that of men in the Indian context. Sample consists of 258 MBA students from 6 different business schools in the city of Bangalore. Study has used an adapted version of business ethical vignettes created by Longenecker, J. G., McKinney, J. A., & Moore, C. W. (1989). The results showed that the self-reported score of ethical sensitivity of female students is higher than that of their male counterparts. The study has significant implications in terms of promoting more women to the top positions of businesses which might result in more ethical business environment and probably a better and sustainable future for our country.

Cytochrome-P450-2C9 (CYP2C9) metabolizes wide range of drugs and highly express in human liver. Various mutations of CYP2C9 (R144C, I359L etc.), associated with drug-response, are highly diverse. We aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of CYP2C9 in Indian-subcontinent, using 1278 subjects from 36 populations. High frequency of CYP2C9*3 (0-0.179) was observed, comparative to other populations, including Europeans. Subjects having CYP2C9*3/*3 requires lower dose of warfarin, comparative to CYP2C9*1/*3 or CYP2C9*1/*1. Since, Indians are practicing marriage among their caste system, we predicted and observed high frequency (0-0.05) of CYP2C9*3/*3. Out of 21 populations, living outside of Indian subcontinent, only Toscani and Southern Han-Chinese have 0.009 and 0.01 CYP2C9*3/*3, respectively, lower than Indians,. We found a non-synonymous mutation (L362V), observed only in Indian-subcontinent, and have 0-0.056 allelic, 0-0.037 L/V and 0-0.037 V/V genotype frequency. We observed unf...

Four seeding rates (25, 30, 35 and 40 g/m2) of rice in nursery were tested for seedling vigour recorded at 10, 17 and 24 DAS at Malan during 2013 and 2014. The seedling vigour so obtained in nursery was subsequently evaluated in field during kharif 2013. Thus twenty four treatments comprised of combinations of three seedling ages (10, 17 and 24 days) and two spacings (20 × 20 cm and 20 × 15 cm) in main plots and four seedling vigour from four seeding rates (25, 30, 35 and 40 g/m2) in sub plots were evaluated in split plot design. Seedling shoot length under all seeding rates (25-35 g/m2) was significantly higher compared to check (40 g/m2) during 2013. In the next year, shoot and root length (30-35 g/m2), tiller per seedling and leaves per seedling (25-30 g/m2) of 24 days nursery was significantly higher over check (40 g/m2). Plant height, tillers, leaves and dry matter accumulation were significantly higher when younger seedlings aged 10 and 17 days were used. The crop raised usi...

The reviews have shown that regulatory governance increases the economic growth of the country that further improves the financial stability. Weak governance promotes a weak financial sector. It is established that there are several crises took place in ancient times because of failed policy (Greco, Ishizaka, Tasiou, & Torrisi, 2019; Kuc Czarnecka, Lo Piano, & Saltelli, 2020). The purpose of the research is to find out more about how weak governance can damage the economy of nations, and that is how it leads to financial instability. Besides, how good governance leads to economic stability can also be understood. The research problem presented in terms of the objective of the research is to find out the association between financial stability and regulatory governance for the selected nations under study. This is done by taking a sample of fifteen nations of the world. By taking selective indicators for regulatory governance and financial stability and applying the causality test, t...

Children today are extremely aware of the various brands in the market and are conscious of the products they use or consume. They pick and choose carefully according to their needs, style preference etc. They also exercise a lot of independence in decision - making and influence the family buying behaviour. Today's kids are well informed, better than their parents. This is because virtually from birth today's children are exposed to TV commercials, banner ads, billboards, logos, and product promotions.

This study is an attempt to examine the level of brand consciousness among Indian children. Most of the studies conducted on brand consciousness among children were done in the U.S. or elsewhere outside India. Few specific studies on brand consciousness among Indian children have been conducted so far. Further, this study also analyses the effect of such brand consciousness in children on the family buying behaviour.

This study is based on the findings of a survey of 222 children and 222 parents spread over the south of Bangalore City. The children were in the age group of 8 to 16 years, both boys and girls selected at random within the age group mentioned, using convenience sampling method without any stratification to obtain a uniform size of respondents in each age / sex category.

For the purpose of the study the data has been collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected using two sets of questionnaires with 21 questions in each. One administered to the child to study the level of brand consciousness, and the second administered to the parent to study the impact on the family buying behaviour. In effect data was collected from 444 respondents for the
two dimensional study. A major portion of the primary data was collected through Bethany High School, Koramangala, Bangalore.

The data has been analysed by employing approved scientific statistical tools such as Frequency Distribution Tables, Percentages, Bar diagrams, Pie diagrams, Chi- square analysis and ANOVA-single factor analysis. The results have been duly interpreted.

The study revealed the following:
 A very high level of brand consciousness prevails among children.
 Increased independence in decision making
 Freedom to buy with more pocket money at disposal.
 Parent's dependence on child's suggestions/opinions in the family decision-
making.
 Parent's acknowledgement of the fact that children are better informed than them.
 Quality being the important criteria for purchasing a branded item.
 Unbranded products sometimes give same satisfaction as branded products.
 Television is the main source for brand awareness.
 A child's insistence for branded items (clothes or shoes) is likely to have more effect on a parent than advertising. The study reveals that parents' prefer branded products because child insists for them.

Values are commonly regarded as the most deeply rooted, abstract formulations of how and why consumers behave as they do. Values exert a major influence on the consumer's decision making in any situation where a conflict of choice exists. This paper throws insight upon the value perceptions and value orientations of young adult consumers in Bangalore, India. The variables under study are ten values adapted from Kahle's List of Values-LOV (1983). The total sample for the present study is 1478 respondents who are young adults in the age group 18-25 years residing in Bangalore, India. The paper also analyses the influence of gender and regional background on the value orientations of young adult consumers. Information regarding the personal values that are important to the target market, which influences their purchase behaviour, would be valuable to the manufacturers and the marketers in the product design, development, positioning and advertisement decisions. Every person in this world is a consumer of an incredible variety of goods and services. However, each individual has different tastes, likes and dislikes and follow diverse

Apparels are one of the most frequently purchased product category where young adults have the authority to make independent buying decisions and they also become trendsetters and opinion leaders. Understanding this large segment appropriately is crucial for apparel manufacturers and marketers as they promise longevity of market and exert substantial influence on their parents', peers as well as their own spending. The present study segments young adult consumer based on their shopping styles towards purchase of apparels and explores the differences in the shopping styles across demographics such as gender, education levels and regional background. The respondents for the study are young adults who belong to the age group of 18 -25 years residing in Bangalore, India. The variables under study are eight shopping styles adapted from Sproles and Kendall Consumer Style Inventory-CSI (1986). The study revealed that all the eight shopping styles of the CSI are manifest among young adults in Bangalore; however, the predominant shopping style is the Perfectionist/ High Quality Conscious shopping style. Further, significant difference in the shopping styles of young adults across gender, education levels and regional background were found.

Under various fields of research, framing is a concept beautifully constructed by the diverse set of theories and notions. Framing is all about how an individual, a group, an organization or the society communicates and perceives a particular issue. Fields such as Media and communication, Health, Politics and law saw the advent of applications of framing. Due to increased burnout among employees and conflicts between leaders and employees, the need and importance of framing have raised in the area of Leadership communication. In any organization, leaders should be aware of the importance of framing for effective communication. This paper reflects the comprehensive review of the 'framing' concept and also the methodological procedures used in empirical studies of framing, leading to a discussion of how framing could be used in Leadership Communication. Researchers and Academicians can use this literature review to develop a model or frame policies to train individuals involve...

Finance managers are always confronted with a dilemma regarding choosing the right source of finance to fund their business projects. Theoretically they may be guided by the various capital structure theories that purport the use of adequate proportion of debt and equity funds in the capital structure. A finance manager who is facing the debt-equity dilemma and favours an all equity stake, can draw inferences from studying the performance of various debt free firms before taking a decision. This paper compares the financial performance metrics of unlevered firms vis-avis their industry averages and attempts to identify certain commonalities among them that steers them toward higher returns for the company and to the shareholders. The result indicates most of the performance ratios of unlevered firms are on par with the industry averages. However, debtfree firms had lower PB ratio and Asset Tangibility when compared to the industry.