Physics, Math, & Astronomy

Patterns link properties of six quarks and three leptons, the set of fundamental forces, and possible properties of dark matter and dark energy. -Page 2 of 41 possible "charges" (matter and anti-matter) and two possible "parities" (left-handed and righthanded) associated with CPT symmetry. Baryonic matter falls into the "matter plus left-handed" branch. Baryonic matter does not easily detect "stuff" associated with the other three branches. Traversing realm s3/gr leads to a four-fold separation into the four super-ensembles. Baryonic matter falls into the "baryonic-matter plus dark-matter" super-ensemble. Baryonic matter does not easily detect gravitons from the other three super-ensembles. Traversing realm em/gr leads to a six-fold separation into ensembles. Baryonic matter does not easily detect photons from other ensembles. Traversing realm wk/em involves no split. Spin becomes a key property. Traversing realm st/wk, one finds that the strong interaction pertains to quarks but not to leptons. The basic mass interaction enables the s4 and gr interactions to scale from elementary particles to atoms to astrophysical objects. The basic charge interaction enables the s3 and em interactions to scale from elementary particles to atoms to astrophysical objects. (Section 7)

Some elementary methods are described which may be used to calculate tangent numbers, Euler numbers, and Bernoulli numbers much more easily and rapidly on electronic computers than the traditional recurrence relations which have been used for over a century. These methods have been used to prepare an accompanying table which extends the existing tables of these numbers. Some theorems about the periodicity of the tangent numbers, which were suggested by the tables, are also proved.

In calculating the equation of state for plasmas we find that diagrammatic expansions for the free energy become unwieldy at high density. At best, many terms must be retained in order to obtain meaningful results. We present a new expansion technique which can be applied to plasmas in the interiors of Jupiter and white dwarf stars. In such cases the older techniques are unsatisfactory because of the size of the ion coupling parameter. Our work yields expansions for which this parameter is supplanted by ion correlation functions, which can be supplied by external computations. In this paper we assume a two-species plasma of classical particles, thereby focusing on combinatorial techniques. The final result is a new nodal expansion in terms of ion correlation functions and an electron coupling parameter.

A mathematical model provides for known phenomena the Standard Model seems not to cover.  The model herein provides for gravity and non-traditional elementary particles, as well Standard Model elementary particles.  The model provides characteristics of the stuff of dark matter and the stuff of dark energy.  The model estimates seemingly appropriate masses for neutrinos and Higgs-like bosons.  The model provides for bosons that govern changes in the rate of expansion of the universe.  The model provides a mechanism that might have led to the imbalance between matter and antimatter. The model makes non-traditional use of traditional concepts regarding harmonic oscillators.

We suggest descriptions of dark matter and dark energy.  We explain quantum gravity and unify it with electromagnetism.  We suggest bases for changes in the rate of expansion of the universe.  We suggest a basis for why the matter/antimatter ratio is not 1.  We compute the mass of the Higgs boson and suggest masses of neutrinos.  We suggest a basis for P violation, CP violation, … and reframe concepts of such violations.  We predict undiscovered elementary particles and basic interactions.  We list known elementary particles and find new uses for the Standard Model.  We provide other results.

Math models may resolve about 10 particle-physics and astrophysics problems.  The models use harmonic-oscillator math.  The models correlate with Standard Model basic particles.  The models seem to correlate with the following.
A family of zero-mass bosons includes photons, gravitons, and spin-3 and spin-4 particles.  Effects of the family govern the rate of expansion of the universe.  Dark matter and dark energy consist of up to two kinds of stuff.  One kind features peers of baryonic matter.  The other kind includes fermions with spins 3/2 and 7/2.  C, P, and T violations exceed amounts correlating with models limited to spins that do not exceed 1.  Reactions led to matter/antimatter imbalance.  Gravitons and some spin-1 bosons correlate with neutrino oscillations.  Some ratios correlating with particle masses feature integers.  Basic fermions have 3 generations.  Possibly-infinite zero-point vacuum energy need not be a concern.

In particle theory and cosmology theory, some problems have remained unsolved for decades.  For example, predict remaining undiscovered elementary particles.  Describe quantum gravity simply.  Explain changes in the rate of expansion of the universe.

Why have people not solved these problems?  Perhaps, it is because people add quantum models on top of classical-physics math.

What do we do?  We try a new approach.  We start from quantum experimental results.  We develop IOM (quantum isotropic harmonic oscillator methods, math, and models).

We use the models to catalog elementary particles - some known and some we predict - with 0≤S≤2.  (S denotes spin/ħ.)  We point to possible charges and approximate masses for elementary bosons we predict.  We predict a smaller than observed uncertainty range for the tauon mass.

Solved problems may include the following.  Describe quantum gravity.  Describe forces that govern the rate of expansion of the universe.  Describe forces that led to the universe being flat.  Describe candidates for dark matter.  Describe candidates for the stuff that contributes the density of the universe that people sometimes attribute to dark energy.  Assuming that matter/antimatter balance has changed during the evolution of the universe, describe reactions that led to the current matter/antimatter imbalance.  Describe reactions that lead to neutrino oscillations.  Point to contributions to C, P, CP, and T violations, beyond contributions with which the Standard Model correlates.

The models correlate with 3 generations of fermions.  People might say that the models unify all forces - known and predicted.  People can use IOM to obviate concerns about possibly infinite zero-point vacuum energy.

Possibly, people can further use IOM.  IOM include underutilized solutions to well-known equations.

We show how to close gaps between data and elementary-particle, astrophysical, and cosmological theories.  We show math for which some solutions correlate with all known elementary particles and some known composite particles.  Other solutions correlate with possible new ordinary-matter, dark-matter, and dark-energy elementary particles and composite particles.  We show that existence of such new particles would close gaps regarding sizes of violations of CPT-related symmetries and regarding other aspects of particle physics; regarding quasar formation and regarding other aspects of astrophysics; and regarding the rate of expansion of the universe and regarding other aspects of cosmology.
  The math features pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators.  Based on the math, we predict spins for the new elementary particles.  We predict masses for some of the new elementary particles.  The math exhibits various symmetries.  Based on the symmetries, we interrelate particle properties, space-time coordinate (Poincare group) symmetries, numbers of fermion generations, and numbers of instances of particles.  Also, we explore overlaps and gaps between our theory and traditional action-based theories.

This monograph tackles three challenges. First, show a mathematics-based meta-model that matches known elementary particles. Second, apply models, based on the meta-model, to match other known physics data. Third, predict future physics data.

The math features solutions to isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators. This monograph matches some solutions to known elementary particles. Matched properties include spin, types of interactions in which the particles partake, and (for elementary bosons) approximate masses. Other solutions point to possible elementary particles.

This monograph applies the models and the extended particle list. Results narrow gaps between physics data and theory. Results pertain to elementary particles, astrophysics, and cosmology. For example, this monograph predicts properties for beyond-the-Standard-Model elementary particles, proposes descriptions of dark matter and dark energy, provides new relationships between known physics constants (including masses of some elementary particles), includes theory that dovetails with the ratio of dark matter to ordinary matter, includes math that dovetails with the number of elementary-fermion generations, suggests forces that govern the rate of expansion of the universe, and suggests additions to and details for the cosmology timeline.

We provide models that integrate aspects of elementary-particle physics, atomic physics, dark matter, dark energy, astrophysics, and cosmology. We predict elementary particles. We offer explanations for dark matter, dark energy, and some cosmology phenomena.
Our approach involves math that, while not very deep, seems to provide a basis for cataloging and predicting elementary particles and to provide a basis for integrating historically useful physics theories and models.

We address three physics opportunities. First, predict new elementary particles. Second, explain phenomena such as dark matter and dark energy. Third, unite physics theories and models.
We use models based on solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators.
First, we show solutions that match the known elementary particles. Other solutions might correlate with other elementary particles.
Second, we extend solutions to encompass known symmetries. We correlate extended solutions with kinematics. We show possible particles and explanations correlating with dark matter, dark energy, and other phenomena.
Third, we note that the work unites, extends, and limits aspects of traditional physics. Those aspects include special relativity, general relativity, quantum mechanics, the elementary-particle Standard Model, and the cosmology timeline.

This paper provides a possible basis for uniting much physics. The basis features solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators. First, we show solutions that match the known elementary particles. Other solutions might correlate with other elementary particles. Second, we extend solutions to encompass known symmetries. We correlate extended solutions with kinematics. We show possible particles and explanations correlating with dark matter, dark energy, and other phenomena. Third, we note that the basis unites, extends, and limits aspects of traditional physics. Those aspects include special relativity, general relativity, quantum mechanics, the elementary-particle Standard Model, and the cosmology timeline.

We address three physics opportunities. First, predict new elementary particles. Second, explain phenomena such as dark matter and dark energy. Third, unite physics theories and models.
We use models based on solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators.
First, we show solutions that match the known elementary particles. We propose that other solutions correlate with elementary particles that people have yet to detect.
Second, we extend solutions to encompass known conservation-law symmetries. We note that extended solutions correlate with known kinematics. We propose that extended solutions correlate with descriptions of dark matter, dark energy, and other phenomena.
Third, we note that the work unites, extends, and limits aspects of traditional physics. Those aspects include classical physics, special relativity, general relativity, quantum mechanics, the elementary-particle Standard Model, and the cosmology timeline.

Abstract This paper discusses and applies a basis for modeling elementary forces and particles. We show that models based on isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators describe aspects of the four traditional fundamental physics forces and point to some known and possible elementary particles. We summarize results from models based on solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators. Results include predictions for new elementary particles and possible descriptions of dark matter and dark energy.

We address four physics opportunities. First, predict new elementary particles and forces. Second, explain phenomena such as dark matter. Third, unite physics theories and models. Fourth, point to opportunities for further research.
  We use models based on solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators.
  First, we show solutions that match the known elementary particles. We propose that other solutions correlate with elementary particles that people have yet to detect and with dark energy forces leading to the three known eras - initial acceleration, subsequent deceleration, and current acceleration - pertaining to the rate of expansion of the universe.
  Second, we extend solutions to encompass known conservation-law symmetries. We note that extended solutions correlate with known kinematics. We propose that extended solutions describe dark matter, explain ratios of density of dark matter to density of ordinary matter, correlate with dark energy density, and explain other phenomena.
  Third, we note that the work unites, extends, and limits aspects of traditional physics. Those aspects include classical physics, special relativity, general relativity, quantum mechanics, the elementary particle Standard Model, and the cosmology timeline. The work provides possible insight regarding foundations of physics topics.
  Fourth, we suggest opportunities for people. We suggest opportunities for observational, experimental, and theoretical physics research. We point to possible opportunities to further develop and apply math we use.

We address four physics opportunities. First, suggest new elementary particles and forces. Second, explain phenomena such as dark matter. Third, augment and unite physics theories and models. Fourth, point to opportunities for further research.
We use models based on solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators.
First, we show solutions that match the known elementary particles. We propose that other solutions correlate with elementary particles that people have yet to detect and with dark energy forces leading to three known eras - early acceleration, subsequent deceleration, and current acceleration - pertaining to the rate of expansion of the universe.
Second, we extend solutions to encompass known conservation-law symmetries. Extended solutions correlate with known kinematics. We suggest that extended solutions describe dark matter, explain ratios of density of dark matter to density of ordinary matter, correlate with dark energy density, and explain other phenomena.
Third, we propose that our work unites, suggests details regarding, extends, suggests complements to, and suggests limits regarding aspects of traditional physics theory. Those aspects include classical physics, special relativity, general relativity, quantum mechanics, the elementary particle Standard Model, the cosmology timeline, and galaxy evolution scenarios. The work provides possible insight regarding foundation of physics topics.
Fourth, we suggest opportunities for people. We suggest opportunities for observational, experimental, and theoretical physics research. We suggest quantum field theory that features few interaction vertices, sums of few terms as alternatives to conditionally convergent sums of infinite numbers of terms, and no needs to deal with some infinities. We point to possible opportunities to further develop and apply modeling and math we use.

We suggest united models and specific predictions regarding elementary particles, dark matter, dark energy, aspects of the cosmology timeline, and aspects of galaxy evolution. Results include specific predictions for new elementary particles and specific descriptions of dark matter and dark energy. Some modeling matches known elementary particles and extrapolates to predict other elementary particles, including bases for dark matter. Some models complement traditional quantum field theory. Some modeling features Hamiltonian mathematics and originally de-emphasizes motion. We incorporate results from traditional motion-centric and action-based Lagrangian math into our Hamiltonian-centric framework. Our modeling framework features mathematics for isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators.

We suggest united models and specific predictions regarding elementary particles, dark matter, aspects of galaxy evolution, dark energy, and aspects of the cosmology timeline. Results include specific predictions for new elementary particles and specific descriptions of dark matter and dark energy. Some of our modeling matches known elementary particles and extrapolates to predict other elementary particles, including bases for dark matter. Some modeling explains observed ratios of effects of dark matter to effects of ordinary matter. Some models suggest aspects of galaxy formation and evolution. Some modeling correlates with eras of increases or decreases in the observed rate of expansion of the universe. Our modeling framework features mathematics for isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators and provides a framework for creating and unifying physics theories. Aspects of our approach emphasize existence of elementary particles and de-emphasize motion. Some of our models complement traditional quantum field theory and, for example, traditional calculations of anomalous magnetic dipole moments.