Informatique

Although SOA was successful for many years, today it has reached its limits due to many reasons including the heavy stack of standards that make difficult the creation of applications instead of simplifying it. Another major drawback is the neglect of the creative potential of the user, not involved in the life cycle of the SOA software. In this paper, we present a solution to enhance SOA, by enjoying the benefits of Web 2.0 technologies, and more particularly of mashups. First, we are interested in describing the benefits of the Mashup used with SOA, based on several case studies; then, we present the new approach for a user-centric SOA, becoming possible through a Mashup stack that contains the technologies aiming at enhancing SOA and making it user-centric for more added value to enterprises.

Although SOA was successful for many years, today it has reached its limits due to many reasons including the heavy stack of standards that make difficult the creation of applications instead of simplifying it. Another major drawback is the neglect of the creative potential of the user, not involved in the life cycle of the SOA software. In this paper, we present a solution to enhance SOA, by enjoying the benefits of Web 2.0 technologies, and more particularly of mashups. First, we are interested in describing the benefits of the Mashup used with SOA, based on several case studies; then, we present the new approach for a user-centric SOA, becoming possible through a Mashup stack that contains the technologies aiming at enhancing SOA and making it user-centric for more added value to enterprises.

The Mashup-a new Web 2.0 technology-has emerged as a new way to promote and to enable the End User Development approach. In fact, as underlined by (Boris Büchel and al., 2009), the Mashup targets the inexperienced end-user, and allows him to develop his own applications. The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is enhanced and made user-centric via the Mashup that allows end users, without any technical skills or advanced knowledge on the SOA, to compose services. However, mixing services with Mashup provide fragile and non stable solutions; hence the need to convert the Mashup solution into BPEL to benefit from the ease of composition of Mashup and the strength and the security of the BPEL engine. In Model Driven Development, an essential idea is to automatically transform models from one modelling domain to another. In this paper we present a new approach based on the Model Driven Development paradigm to transform the SOA logic composition from a Mashup script into a BPEL script.

The end user service development known as the user-centric SOA emerged as a new approach that allows giving the end user the ability to create on the fly his own applications that meet a situational need. In fact, the classical SOA was designed for developers and is characterized by a heavy technical stack which is out of reach of end users. Lightweight Web 2.0 technologies such as Mashup appeared to bridge this gap and provide a new agile and quick way to compose and integrate different resources in a dynamic and on the fly manner. However, Mashups are emerging applications, and thus consist of immature, non intuitive and non formalized area. In this paper, we formalize the user-centric SOA development by introducing a new rich integration language based on the advanced Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIPS). We also propose a new intuitive and self-explanatory semantic methodology and interaction model for end users services integration.

This paper presents an overview of a decade (2002-2012) of studies performed on Soil-Plant-Atmosphere processes, in semi-arid areas (Haouz plain, Morocco). In this period, fifteen in-situ experiments on the dominant irrigated crops were performed, controlling the fluxes exchanged between land surface and atmosphere. The results showed that the physically based SVATs (ICARE, SiSPAT and ISBA) provided the best estimates of surface fluxes. For operational purposes, the FAO-56 approach and SAMIR Software (Satellite Monitoring for Irrigation) give a good estimate of evapotranspiration at field and regional scales, respectively. Finally, thermal infrared data were used in conjunction with SVATs to investigate the possibility of estimating the quantity of irrigation water.

Personalized e-learning implementation is recognized one of the most interesting research areas in the distance web-based education. Since the learning style of each learner is different we must to fit elearning to the different needs of learners. This paper discusses teaching strategies matching with learner's personality using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) tools. Based on an innovative approach, a framework for building an adaptive learning management system by considering learner's preference has been developed. The learner's profile is initialized according to the results obtained by the student in the index of learning styles questionnaire and then fine-tuned during the course of the interaction using the Bayesian model. Moreover, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of our approach. The result reveals the system effectiveness for which it appears that the proposed approach may be promising.

The end user service development known as the user-centric SOA emerged as a new approach that allows giving the end user the ability to create on the fly his own applications that meet a situational need. In fact, the classical SOA was designed for developers and is characterized by a heavy technical stack which is out of reach of end users. The user-centric SOA approach brings great added value taking advantage from the creativity and the participation of end users; furthermore, it is becoming a key factor of competitiveness within enterprises and is influencing other disciplines. The Cloud Computing and the Enterprise Architecture are two fields that captured growing attention in recent years and that can gain maturity and efficiency from adopting and embracing the user-centric SOA approach. In this paper, we present the usercentric SOA approach and we give an overview of our solution for an efficient user-centric services creation. Then we study the impact of the user-centric SOA on the Cloud Computing and Enterprise Architecture fields.

In the Web of Things, devices of daily life are empowered through a web-enabling process to become integrable with computer network. These devices-called smart objects-are becoming very useful both in enterprises and in simple users daily life; in fact, they provide easy access to useful services and can collaborate with each other to build a collective intelligence capable of performing routine but very important tasks. In some critical situations, the smart objects collaborations need to be built by end users themselves in order to respond quickly to any new situational need. These collaborations can be simple or can consist of sophisticated and advanced use cases, which we call in this paper: the Enterprise Physical Mashups (EPMs). Existing work do not provide solutions for end user development of advanced use cases while addressing the requirements of a physical world. In this paper, we try to formalize the services composition aspect in the Enterprise Physical Mashup development by proposing a new rich integration language based on the advanced Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIPS). We also introduce new key concepts for an intuitive and self-explanatory methodology for end users physical services integration. Through these contributions, we give the promise of achieving efficient enterprise-class physical services integration.

Within the last years, many ontologies are created and are accessible over the web. On the other hand, ontologies are used in many applications to explicit formalization of the conceptualization of the domain, but a given domain can be conceptualized through many different ontologies. Thus multiples ontologies connected by semantic relations emerge as a core question and became an essential issue of interoperability between distributed applications over the web. In this paper, we present a model and methodology for describing ontologies according to different levels of abstraction. The functional level contains generic ontologies and the domain level contains domain ontologies. The latter are described from the former by using a derivation process. The proposed formalism is based on an algebraic approach and it allows to capture the relations over different described ontologies.

This paper presents a multi-layered functional data model to support multiple representation and information sharing among distributed spatial information systems. The key idea is that a geographical space (for example an urban space) can be viewed as a set of abstract spatial functionalities on which different application classes can be derived to manipulate objects of the same geographical space and share the same abstract generic functionalities. The object classes define multiple views or representations of a domain. For example in urban management, transportation systems, water supply and sewage systems applications can share generic network functionalities defined by graph related terminology and the corresponding graph traversal operations. The multi-layered functional data model consists of two types of generic functional levels. First, a generic functional level consisting of primitive geometrical types and one or more generic layers. The generic layers provide application oriented abstract functions that are based on the primitives geometrical types. The second level consists of one or more domain specific functionalities that specialize and refine the abstract functions of the first level.

Several research of adaptive learning mainly focused on improving student learning achievements based on learning style, cognitive style or achievement. In this paper, an innovative learning approach is proposed by using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator's (MBTI) personality dimensions. Based on the innovative approach, a framework for building an adaptive learning management system has been developed; moreover, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of our approach. The result reveals the system effectiveness for which it appears that the proposed approach may be promising.

Dès leur jeune age, les individus manifestent des différences entre les manières d'apprentissage qui leur conviennent le mieux. D'un autre côté, la motivation de diffusion des savoirs (connaissances) et leurs acquisitions par des apprenants est centrale pour l'elearning. Les travaux présentés dans cet article ont pour objectif principal l'étude des apports des sciences cognitives et des recherches sur les ontologies pour la construction de modèles et d'outils à partir desquels pourront être développés différents services pour les acteurs d'un e-learning. Le but est de doter le système de capacités permettant d'adapter les ressources et les services proposés à un apprenant en fonction de ses préférences d'apprentissage.

The domain ontology plays central role as a resource structuring the learning content and supporting flexible adaptive strategies. In this paper, we study the contributions of ontologies for the construction of models and tools from which various services for the actors of an e-learning could be developed. The objective is to adapt user preferences with learning content to satisfy learner requirements. MOTS-CLÉS : Ontologie, e-learning, styles d'apprentissage, stratégies d'apprentissage

Within the last years, many ontologies are created and are accessible over the web. On the other hand, ontologies are used in many applications to explicit formalization of the conceptualization of the domain, but a given domain can be conceptualized through many different ontologies. Thus multiples ontologies connected by semantic relations emerge as a core question and became an essential issue of interoperability between distributed applications over the web. In this paper, we present a model and methodology for describing ontologies according to different levels of abstraction. The functional level contains generic ontologies and the domain level contains domain ontologies. The latter are described from the former by using a derivation process. The proposed formalism is based on an algebraic approach and it allows to capture the relations over different described ontologies.

Research on digital cultural heritage has raised the importance of providing visitors with relevant assistance before and during their visits. With the advent of the social web, the cultural heritage area is affected by the problem of information overload. Indeed, a large number of available resources have emerged coming from the social information systems (SocIS). Therefore, visitors are swamped with enormous choices in their visited cities. SocIS platforms use the features of collaborative tagging, named folksonomy, to commonly contribute to the management of the shared resources. However, collaborative tagging uses uncontrolled vocabulary which semanti- cally weakens the description of resources, consequently decreases their classification, clustering, thereby their recommendation. Therefore, the shared resources have to be pertinently described to ameliorate their recommendations. In this paper, we aim to enhance the cultural heritage visits by suggesting semantically related pl...

Simultaneous treatment of human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) leads to strikingly synergistic stimulation of mitogenesis. The purpose of this study was to explore potential sites for signal integration mediating synergism, focusing on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and transcription factors involved in proliferation and inflammation as likely candidates. Activation of ERK was analysed by immunoblotting. Transcription factor activation was assessed using HASM cells transduced with luciferase reporter gene constructs. LPA and EGF both activated ERK but had no synergistic effect when combined. LPA and EGF both activated activator protein (AP)-1, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein, nuclear factor of activated T-cells and the serum response element; however, only AP-1 activation exhibited synergism. Activation of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein and of ERK signalling pathways were required for most transcription factor responses to LPA. In contrast, nuclear factor (NF)-kB was activated by LPA but not EGF and NF-kB activation was completely blocked only when Rho was inhibited. Rapid activation of Rho was observed in response to LPA but not to EGF. Importantly, inhibition of Rho selectively blocked synergism in both AP-1 activation and mitogenesis. In summary, extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation is required for many transcription factor responses to lysophosphatidic acid and epidermal growth factor, however it is not synergistic. Activation of activator protein-1 is synergistic, and Rho activation by lysophosphatidic acid is required for synergism in both activator protein-1 activation and mitogenesis.

Workers exposed to aerosolized dust present in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are susceptible to inflammatory lung diseases such as COPD. Extracts of dust collected from hog CAFOs (HDE) are potent stimulators of lung inflammatory responses in several model systems. The observation that HDE contains active proteases prompted the present study, which evaluated the role of CAFO dust proteases in lung inflammatory processes and tested whether protease-activated receptors (PARs) are involved in the signaling pathway for these events. We hypothesized that the damaging proinflammatory effect of HDE is due partly to proteolytic activation of PARs, and inhibiting HDE proteases or disrupting PAR activation would attenuate HDE-mediated inflammatory indices in bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), mouse lung slices in vitro, and in a murine in vivo exposure model. Human BECs and mouse lung slice cultures stimulated with 5% HDE released significantly more of each of the cytokines me...

A clade of New World monkeys (NWMs) exhibits considerable diversity in both oxytocin (OT) ligand and oxytocin receptor (OTR) structure. Most notable is the variant Pro-OT, with proline instead of leucine at the eighth position, resulting in a rigid bend in the peptide backbone. A higher proportion of species that express Pro-OT also engage in biparental care and social monogamy. When marmosets (genus ), a biparental and monogamous Pro-OT NWM species, are administered the ancestral Leu-OT, there is no change in social behavior compared with saline treatment. However, when Pro-OT is administered, marmosets' sociosexual and prosocial behaviors are altered. The studies here tested the hypothesis that OTR binding affinities and OT-induced intracellular Ca potencies would favor the native OT ligand in OTRs from four primate species, each representing a unique combination of ancestral lineage, breeding system, and native OT ligand: humans (Leu-OT, monogamous, apes), macaques (Leu-OT, n...

Early childhood education has become a prevalent public policy issue. It has a serious impact on the child's personality, upbringing, education, socialization, development, and academic success from the preschool period to the university and beyond. In general, traditional teaching methods usually have a fixed learning structure which disables the child to be motivated, creative and innovative. Learners receive theoretical rather than practical instructions, which discourage them from keeping and recalling concepts and information more quickly. Moreover, traditional teaching usually lacks attracting the full attention of learners which decreases their interaction, engagement and investment in the content. Thus, the development of innovative approaches offering better education is an effective way to address this problem. On the other hand, recent researches in the fields of cognitive science and educational neuroscience show that play-based learning is a promising approach to us...