Papers by Dr. Hatam Hosseini
It is anticipated that the demand for contraceptives in Iran will increase in the near future as ... more It is anticipated that the demand for contraceptives in Iran will increase in the near future as the number of women of reproductive age increases and with women wanting smaller families. The aim of this paper was to study the demand for long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPCMs), and its determinants, among Kurdish women in Mahabad city, Iran. Data were taken from the Mahabad Fertility Survey (MFS) conducted on a sample of over 700 households in April 2012. The results show that the demand for LAPCMs was 71.35% at the time of survey, although only 27.7% of women were using these methods. Thus, the number of unintended pregnancies is likely to increase in the future if this gap is not reduced. The multivariate analysis showed significant impacts on the dependent variables of the number of children ever born, perceived contraceptive costs and childbearing intentions. Moreover, women at the end of their reproductive lives and those with higher education were more likely to desire LAPCMs. It is concluded that despite a growing use of contraceptive methods in Iran in recent decades, the development of reproductive health services and promotion of the quality of family planning services remains a necessity.
Unmet needs show the gap between ideals and reproductive behavior of women. This article aims to ... more Unmet needs show the gap between ideals and reproductive behavior of women. This article aims to evaluate and examine the determinants of the need among married Kurdish women of 15-49 in Mahabad. This research was conducted through the data of fertility survey in March 2012, in Mahabad with a sample size of 700 families. According to the results the rates of unmet needs for birth intervals and child bearing stoppage, and unmet needs to use modern ways of pregnancy prevention are respectively 10.85 and 9.85 percent and the total rate of unmet needs is 20.7 percent. Women’s worry about side effects of pregnancy prevention means is the most important reason for avoiding pregnancy prevention. Social and cultural limits such as husband’s and other family members’ disagreement, as well as religious reasons come next. Findings of the study are in agreement with Bhushan and Bollato’s theories. Considering determinant role of some cultural characteristics as well as economical and social ones and factors related to family planning to predict the possibility of any unmet needs for family planning, it is recommended to undertake some comparative studies through component method in areas which are heterogeneous in terms of ethnos and culture in order to evaluate the unmet needs of family planning and to find the influencing factors.
Background: Increasing number of women in reproductive ages and tending small families will resu... more Background: Increasing number of women in reproductive ages and tending small families will result in demand for using contraception in near future. The study tried to assess the demand for contraceptive methods and its determinants among Kurdish women in Mahabad city.
Methods: A sample of over 700 households in Mahabad surveyed for the study using questionnaire with interview technique. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire verified according to content measure and Cronbachs alpha. The main technique for determining the effects of independent variables on using contraceptive methods was Logistic regression.
Results: Findings showed that 27.7 percent of women use permanent and long-acting contraceptive methods and therefore the demand for these contraceptive methods is 71.35 percent. Multivariate analysis showed that there are statistically significant relationships between the number of children ever born; the perceived contraceptive costs, and childbearing intentions with dependent variable. According to this study, women at the end of reproductive ages and those with higher education are more likely to use permanent and long-acting contraceptive methods.
Conclusion: The difference between the demand for contraceptive use, particularly long-acting ones and permanent methods, indicate a high level of unmet demand that could lead to increased unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion.
The aim of this paper is to examine the timing of the transition to aging in the context of ferti... more The aim of this paper is to examine the timing of the transition to aging in the context of fertility transition and its effects and consequences in 47 Muslim majority countries. Data are taken from the United Nations Population Division database. Results indicate that Muslim majority countries, except Kuwait, have experienced different fertility levels but similar trends during the period 2010-1990. According to this study, population aging will be the dominant demographic phenomenon in most Muslim majority countries in the mid 21th century. However, results show differences in the timing of transition to aging among under study countries. Findings strongly suggest that aging is largely influenced by the severity of fertility decline during the fertility transition period. Since none of the Muslim majority countries are experiencing fertility at or below replacement level, any comprehensive population policy does not exist to deal with the consequences of low fertility and population aging in the future, and due to the time consuming process of policy making for the elderly, adopting a comprehensive population policy to regulate the issues of the elderly population in the near future is necessary.
Widespread changes in women’s roles in society, in turn, leads to their increasing participation ... more Widespread changes in women’s roles in society, in turn, leads to their increasing participation in the social arena, therefore, by increasing women’s autonomy in different aspects of life, they are more likely to reach to higher positions and status than they were in earlier decades. This situation provides the context for changes in fertility ideals (fertility behavior, desires, and ideals) of women. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of different indices of women’s autonomy on fertility behavior, desires, and ideals of Kurdish women in the city of Mahabad. Data was collected through a survey which was conducted in April 2012 on 700 households, and then analyzed using SPSS software.Results show that women have relative autonomy in all indices related to women’s autonomy. According to this study, at the time the survey was carried out, more than 61 percent of women stated that they were content with the number of offspring they had, and had no desire for further children. Among those who wanted to continue their childbearing, nearly 70 percent stated that, in the current situation, two children were ideal for a family. Results of Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) showed that the fertility ideals and desires of women are affected respectively, by direct and indirect indices regarding women’s autonomy. Furthermore, although women’s fertility behavior is affected by three indices of women’s autonomy, nevertheless, using contraceptive devices along with other variables, play an important role in explaining women’s fertility behavior. According to the results of this study, it is not expected that population policies aimed at encouraging fertility, would lead to a fertility increase in all social strata.
Background: Population has an important role in socio-economic and political planning. Fertility,... more Background: Population has an important role in socio-economic and political planning. Fertility, along with mortality and migration is the main determinant of population change. Fertility decline in recent years in the country and rural areas, especially in under study rural areas, is also studied not as a social problem, but as a phenomenon worthy of study in a semi-traditional society. The aim of this study is to compare determinants of fertility behavior among Kurdish women living in rural areas of Ravansar and Gilan gharb cities.
Methods: Data were taken from a survey conducted on 550 eligible women for the study. A combination of random and systematic sampling methods was used to collect data through questionnaires.
Results: the average number of children ever born by the women living in rural areas of Ravansar and Gilan gharb were respectively 2/36 and 2/41. Results also showed that the mean age of marriage, monthly costs of children, and education among women in Gilan gharb were more than their counterparts in Ravansar. In both regions, the relationship between variables of age of marriage, education, employing contraceptive methods and monthly costs of children and fertility were negative and significant, and the relationship between the ideal number of children and jobs of woman with fertility was both direct and significant. In addition, the relationship between woman religions with fertility behavior was not significant.
Conclusion: Results implies a convergence in fertility behavior of women, despite differences in social, economic, and demographic characteristics as well as proximate determinants."
With the arrival of modernity in Iran the society norms have changed and traditional patterns,
e... more With the arrival of modernity in Iran the society norms have changed and traditional patterns,
especially family pattern, has been under various changes simultaneously. For instance,
the average age of marriage for girls has increased over the past decades. This paper aims to
determine and analyze factors affecting the gap in women’s behavior and attitudes on
the appropriate age of marriage for girls in the city of Koohdasht. Residents of this region
ethnically and culturally belong to Lor and Lak ethnic groups. Lack of any knowledge on
marriage patterns of women of these ethnic groups would necessitate this study. Data is taken
from a survey conducted on a sample of 395 once-married women living in ordinary
households at the city of Koohdasht in April 2013. A combination of sampling techniques
including multistage clustering and systematic random sampling were employed. Results
indicated gaps in women’s behavior and their attitude on the appropriate age of marriage. The
63 percent of participants proposed a mean age of marriage for girls completely different to
the age of their own marriage. The gaps are mostly in a negative direction. More than 80
percent of women took part in the test proposed a higher age for girls’ marriage compared to
their own age of marriage. According to this study, socio-economic status of women,
post materialist attitudes to marriage, women’s autonomy and age at the time of the study
had the most impact on the rate of the gap between women’s behavior and attitudes on
the appropriate age of marriage. The results also reflected the fact that the combination of
socio-economic, demographic characteristics and ethnic-cultural factors could provide a better
explanation for the gap in women’s behavior and attitude on the age of marriage.
Despite increased women awareness and access to contraceptive devices, there are women who do not... more Despite increased women awareness and access to contraceptive devices, there are women who do not use these devices. Not using contraception by affecting on unplanned pregnancies and abortion affect maternal and child health. The aim of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of contraception among married Kurdish women 15-49 years old in the city of Mahabad. Data are taken from Mahabad Fertility Survey (MFS) conducted on a sample of over 700 households in April 2012. Results show the widespread use of contraception among under study population, so that 74.3 percent of women were using contraception at the time of survey. Based on this study, the share of modern and traditional methods of contraceptive use is 71.2 and 28.8 percent respectively. Results of discriminant analysis showed that factors such as costs associated with sociocultural oppositions and the number of children surviving have most effective on the women’s contraceptive use. Women’s autonomy and their attitudes towards the costs and benefits of children are among determinants cultural variables in this respect. Findings indicate that reducing perceived costs for contraception, improving women’s knowledge about modern methods of contraception, and establish social and cultural legitimateness using of these devices play an important role in implementing the use of contraception and promotion maternal and child health.
" Background: Stopping and discontinuation of contraceptives plays an important role in unwanted ... more " Background: Stopping and discontinuation of contraceptives plays an important role in unwanted pregnancies and abortion. This study examines the reasons of switching and stopping contraceptive methods among married women between 15 and 49 years old in Mahabad city of Iran.
Methods: Data were taken from a sample of 700 households in late March and April 2012 in the city of Mahabad using a standard questionnaire. This research was a cross-sectional study. The sampling method was a combination of multi-stage cluster sampling, random and systematic random sampling.
Results: the results indicated that among the women who use contraceptive methods, 54.3% changed the used methods, while, 10.85% of the women stopped using contraception although they were required to use them. On the other hand, 1.3% of the sample stopped using contraceptives due to unwanted pregnancies caused by the failure of the contraceptive method. The main reason to switch and stop using contraceptives methods stated by the participants was being concerned of the impacts and side effects of these methods. The results of Logistic regression revealed that womens knowledge of the methods, womens autonomy, childbearing desires and womens perceptions of the costs of preventing pregnancy have the greatest impact on the probability of discontinuation of contraceptive use.
Conclusion: Considering that the main reason for the contraception discontinuation and switching is the concerns regarding the impacts of the contraceptive methods and their side effects, increasing women's knowledge of the benefits of contraceptive methods, especially, the modern methods seems necessary."
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Papers by Dr. Hatam Hosseini
Methods: A sample of over 700 households in Mahabad surveyed for the study using questionnaire with interview technique. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire verified according to content measure and Cronbachs alpha. The main technique for determining the effects of independent variables on using contraceptive methods was Logistic regression.
Results: Findings showed that 27.7 percent of women use permanent and long-acting contraceptive methods and therefore the demand for these contraceptive methods is 71.35 percent. Multivariate analysis showed that there are statistically significant relationships between the number of children ever born; the perceived contraceptive costs, and childbearing intentions with dependent variable. According to this study, women at the end of reproductive ages and those with higher education are more likely to use permanent and long-acting contraceptive methods.
Conclusion: The difference between the demand for contraceptive use, particularly long-acting ones and permanent methods, indicate a high level of unmet demand that could lead to increased unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion.
Methods: Data were taken from a survey conducted on 550 eligible women for the study. A combination of random and systematic sampling methods was used to collect data through questionnaires.
Results: the average number of children ever born by the women living in rural areas of Ravansar and Gilan gharb were respectively 2/36 and 2/41. Results also showed that the mean age of marriage, monthly costs of children, and education among women in Gilan gharb were more than their counterparts in Ravansar. In both regions, the relationship between variables of age of marriage, education, employing contraceptive methods and monthly costs of children and fertility were negative and significant, and the relationship between the ideal number of children and jobs of woman with fertility was both direct and significant. In addition, the relationship between woman religions with fertility behavior was not significant.
Conclusion: Results implies a convergence in fertility behavior of women, despite differences in social, economic, and demographic characteristics as well as proximate determinants."
especially family pattern, has been under various changes simultaneously. For instance,
the average age of marriage for girls has increased over the past decades. This paper aims to
determine and analyze factors affecting the gap in women’s behavior and attitudes on
the appropriate age of marriage for girls in the city of Koohdasht. Residents of this region
ethnically and culturally belong to Lor and Lak ethnic groups. Lack of any knowledge on
marriage patterns of women of these ethnic groups would necessitate this study. Data is taken
from a survey conducted on a sample of 395 once-married women living in ordinary
households at the city of Koohdasht in April 2013. A combination of sampling techniques
including multistage clustering and systematic random sampling were employed. Results
indicated gaps in women’s behavior and their attitude on the appropriate age of marriage. The
63 percent of participants proposed a mean age of marriage for girls completely different to
the age of their own marriage. The gaps are mostly in a negative direction. More than 80
percent of women took part in the test proposed a higher age for girls’ marriage compared to
their own age of marriage. According to this study, socio-economic status of women,
post materialist attitudes to marriage, women’s autonomy and age at the time of the study
had the most impact on the rate of the gap between women’s behavior and attitudes on
the appropriate age of marriage. The results also reflected the fact that the combination of
socio-economic, demographic characteristics and ethnic-cultural factors could provide a better
explanation for the gap in women’s behavior and attitude on the age of marriage.
Methods: Data were taken from a sample of 700 households in late March and April 2012 in the city of Mahabad using a standard questionnaire. This research was a cross-sectional study. The sampling method was a combination of multi-stage cluster sampling, random and systematic random sampling.
Results: the results indicated that among the women who use contraceptive methods, 54.3% changed the used methods, while, 10.85% of the women stopped using contraception although they were required to use them. On the other hand, 1.3% of the sample stopped using contraceptives due to unwanted pregnancies caused by the failure of the contraceptive method. The main reason to switch and stop using contraceptives methods stated by the participants was being concerned of the impacts and side effects of these methods. The results of Logistic regression revealed that womens knowledge of the methods, womens autonomy, childbearing desires and womens perceptions of the costs of preventing pregnancy have the greatest impact on the probability of discontinuation of contraceptive use.
Conclusion: Considering that the main reason for the contraception discontinuation and switching is the concerns regarding the impacts of the contraceptive methods and their side effects, increasing women's knowledge of the benefits of contraceptive methods, especially, the modern methods seems necessary."