Papers by Antonis Gardikiotis
Kioumi, E., & Gardikiotis, A. (in press). Intergroup contact in social networking sites: A cross sectional and a longitudinal study of Greeks and Germans intergroup attitudes on Twitter and Facebook.
Psychology of Language and Communication
Belavadi, S., Gardikiotis, A., & Hogg, M. (in press). Social identity uncertainty during the Greek financial crisis: The role of media narratives.
Psychology of Language and Communication
Hellenic Journal of Psychology , 2022
The purpose of the present study was to develop a new scale, based on social identity theory, for... more The purpose of the present study was to develop a new scale, based on social identity theory, for measuring the levels of fans' identification with their favorite sport team overcoming prior shortcomings reported in several well-established instruments (e.g., connection to theory, certain aspects of psychometric properties). The study employed the item response theory as an analytical framework. Data were collected from two independent studies. Eight hundred seventyseven subjects participated in the first study and 265 in the second. Participants were viewers of Greek sporting websites of high visibility. Results of the two independent studies revealed that a unidimensional 10-item scale (named Sport Team Identification Scale; STIS-10) assesses a wide range of fans' identification levels with high precision. Moreover, STIS-10 explained a greater amount of variance for basking in reflected glory (R 2 = 47.4%) and attendance intentions (R 2 = 69.8%), compared to existing scales. The findings of the present research can contribute to the existing literature by offering a short, reliable, valid, and theoretically driven instrument to measure the social identity afforded by an individual's identification with a sport team.
Heliyon, 2020
Photos have been used as evident material in news reporting almost since the beginning of Journal... more Photos have been used as evident material in news reporting almost since the beginning of Journalism. In this context, manipulated or tampered pictures are very common as part of informing articles, in today's misinformation crisis. The current paper investigates the ability of people to distinguish real from fake images. The presented data derive from two studies. Firstly, an online cross-sectional survey (N ¼ 120) was conducted to analyze ordinary human skills in recognizing forgery attacks. The target was to evaluate individuals' perception in identifying manipulated visual content, therefore, to investigate the feasibility of "crowdsourced validation". This last term refers to the process of gathering fact-checking feedback from multiple users, thus collaborating towards assembling pieces of evidence on an event. Secondly, given that contemporary veracity solutions are coupled with both journalistic principles and technology developments, an experiment in two phases was employed: a) A repeated measures experiment was conducted to quantify the associated abilities of Media and Image Experts (N ¼ 5 þ 5) in detecting tampering artifacts. In this latter case, image verification algorithms were put into the core of the analysis procedure to examine their impact on the authenticity assessment task. b) Apart from conducting interview sessions with the selected experts and their proper guidance in using the tools, a second experiment was also deployed on a larger scale through an online survey (N ¼ 301), aiming at validating some of the initial findings. The primary intent of the deployed analysis and their combined interpretation was to evaluate image forensic services, offered as real-world tools, regarding their comprehension and utilization by ordinary people, involved in the everyday battle against misinformation. The outcomes confirmed the suspicion that only a few subjects had prior knowledge of the implicated algorithmic solutions. Although these assistive tools often lead to controversial or even contradictory conclusions, their experimental treatment with the systematic training in their proper use boosted the participants' performance. Overall, the research findings indicate that the scores of successful detections, relying exclusively on human observations, cannot be disregarded. Hence, the ultimate challenge for the "verification industry" should be to balance between forensic automations and the human experience, aiming at defending the audience from inaccurate information propagation.
Journalism Studies, 2002
Migration has been one of the most divisive issues in global politics and media has played a sign... more Migration has been one of the most divisive issues in global politics and media has played a significant role in how people perceive and respond to it. This study employs peace journalism and framing theory to examine how Greek media portrayed migration to Greece during a dual crisis in early 2020: a Greek-Turkish border crisis and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. It contributes to previous literature in two important ways. First, by offering insights of news coverage of migration in the aftermath of the 2015 refugee crisis in Europe. Second, by examining the lessresearched topic of media representations of migration during the pandemic. Results indicate that refugees and migrants are dehumanized in media discourse, portrayed as "enemies at the gate" of Europe and as carriers of the virus. The content analysis finds variations between different media outlets including language, approach, problem/threat definition and stereotypes. The article also identifies important similarities in news coverage; most notably, the dominance of political elites as sources across all media content, the absence of refugee/migrant voice and the focus on policies of border control and enforcement. We suggest that these patterns ultimately function to obscure the complexity of the refugee and migration issue.
The present study examined positive and negative effects of health communication on the fight aga... more The present study examined positive and negative effects of health communication on the fight against the COVID-19 under lockdown, during the first wave of the pandemic in Greece. An online survey (N = 1,199) examined the relationships among media trust, emotional and cognitive reactions to COVID-19 information overload, media attention, and risk perceptions regarding COVID-19. Participants' media attention (exposure and attention combined) to information about the pandemic was positively related to their risk perceptions (perceived susceptibility and severity) about the disease. Media attention was dependent on participants' trust in the media as valid sources of information, but also on their cognitive and emotional reactions to COVID-19 information overload. In response to this overload, they produced negative thoughts and more negative (fear and anger) than positive (protection) emotions. These distinct reactions had differential effects on media attention and risk perceptions. Fear and protection were positively related to media attention and risk perceptions, while anger and negative thinking undermined attention and perceptions. Furthermore, all reactions depended on media trust, which mediated the effect on media attention. These findings highlighted desirable and some undesirable effects of health communication in the fight against COVID-19, which can be used to improve health communication in the future.
International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2020
Purpose-The concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework ... more Purpose-The concept of sport team identification has been widely used as a theoretical framework in explaining sport fan behavior. However, limited attention has been devoted to the consequences of distant (i.e., foreign) team identification. The purpose of the current research was to examine the way in which fans (local and distant) can increase their levels of collective and personal self-esteem due to their team identification. Design/methodology/approach-Data were accumulated from three Greek websites (N 5 742). Among them, 623 subjects were grouped as local and 119 as distant football fans. A structural invariance analysis was followed. Findings-The results revealed how team identification, enduring team-related social connections, and basking in reflected glory are interrelated to affect collective and finally personal self-esteem. Moreover, no differences were found between local and distant fans regarding the paths from eam identification to collective self-esteem and from collective self-esteem to personal self-esteem. Originality/value-This is one of the first endeavors to examine the psychological consequences of distant team identification and to test the invariance across local and distant fans concerning the mechanisms that their personal self-esteem can be enhanced because their psychological connection to their favorite sport team.
SAGE Journals, Journalism, Oct 30, 2020
This article aims to expand peace journalism scholarship by proposing a new peace journalism mode... more This article aims to expand peace journalism scholarship by proposing a new peace journalism model for analyzing media representations of immigration. By employing framing and content analysis, the paper takes a closer look at the ways in which four Greek newspapers portrayed immigration in crisis-stricken Greece between 2011 and 2014. Results indicate that a conflict frame prevailed in the majority of all newspaper articles analyzed. In this context, immigration was portrayed (1) as an issue that generated conflict among different political and social groups, (2) through stereotypical portrayals of immigrants as a threat to public health and security, (3) as a mass of people in extreme conditions of exception, and (4) as a problem to almost every aspect of the Greek society: for tourism, trade, the economy or even Greece’s relationship with the EU. A peace frame, conversely, was identified in around one fourth of all news stories. At the same time, findings lead us to conclusions that transcend the peace and conflict journalism dualism revealing five distinct subframes that provide a more nuanced understanding of the peace journalism concept; (1) a ‘direct conflict subframe’ enhancing division and dispute over immigration, (2) a ‘journalism of conventions subframe’ following well-established journalistic conventions with important consequences on the quality of information, (3) a ‘journalism of values subframe’ being closer to the traditional values of journalism, (4) a ‘diversity journalism subframe’, including all elements referring to a pro-immigrant approach, and (5) a ‘positive peace subframe’, closer to Galtung’s notion of positive peace.
This paper studies the web third-person effect (WTPE) hypothesis in the context of news websites ... more This paper studies the web third-person effect (WTPE) hypothesis in the context of news websites and social media. Specifically, the study examines the role of social media metrics (i.e., shares and likes of news articles) in shaping users' opinion about the websites. Users' news sharing intention in social media is also investigated. Based on a structured online questionnaire (N = 7,404), the results confirm that WTPE can be found in social media metrics without the presence of specific message content. It should be noted that the effect was found at three perceptual levels, self, friends, and other users. Regarding intention for news sharing, text was indicated as the most important reason among Internet users. Finally, the work demonstrates significant correlations between WTPE and article characteristics that influence people's attitudes to share news online.
Ελεύθερνα: Η Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα του Τμήματος Ψυχολογίας, Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης
Σημείωση: Για το πρώτο βήμα, R 2 =.15• ΔR 2 = .06 για το δεύτερο βήμα (p < .01), και για το τρίτο... more Σημείωση: Για το πρώτο βήμα, R 2 =.15• ΔR 2 = .06 για το δεύτερο βήμα (p < .01), και για το τρίτο βήμα ΔR 2 = .33 (p < .001).
Ψυχολογία: Το Περιοδικό της Ελληνικής Ψυχολογικής Εταιρίας, 2019
Η μελέτη εξετάζει τους παράγοντες που προβλέπουν την πολιτική δράση των πολιτών στο πλαίσιο της β... more Η μελέτη εξετάζει τους παράγοντες που προβλέπουν την πολιτική δράση των πολιτών στο πλαίσιο της βαθιάς οικονομικής και κοινωνικής κρίσης που έπληξε τα τελευταία χρόνια την Ευρώπη, και ειδικότερα την Ελλάδα σε ένα πλαίσιο κοινωνικοοικονομικής κρίσης. Συγκεκριμένα, δίνεται έμφαση στην επιρροή της πλαισίωσης της οικονομικής κατάστασης από τα μέσα μαζικής επικοινωνίας στις αντιλήψεις των πολιτών και την πρόθεσή τους να αναλάβουν πολιτική δράση. Κοινωνικοψυχολογικές θεωρίες της συλλογικής δράσης και η θεωρία της πλαισίωσης χρησιμοποιούνται για να πλαισιώσουν τις μελέτες. Τρία διαφορετικά πλαίσια περιγραφής και εξήγησης της οικονομικής κατάστασης, παρόντα στο δημόσιο λόγο και τα ΜΜΕ, παρουσιάζονται στους συμμετέχοντες και εξετάζεται κατά πόσο η έκθεση στα πλαίσια αυτά αλληλεπιδρά με μια σειρά ψυχολογικές διαδικασίες στην πρόβλεψη της πολιτικής συμπεριφοράς τους. Ειδικότερα, διερευνάται η σημασία της ψυχολογικής αναδραστικότητας (ως συνδυασμού γνωστικών και συναισθηματικών στοιχείων) απέναντι στα μηντιακά πλαίσια. Επίσης εξετάζεται μια σειρά κοινωνικοψυχολογικών μεταβλητών (πολιτικοποιημένη και εθνική ταυτότητα, προσλαμβανόμενη αδικία, συλλογική επάρκεια, πολιτικός αυτοπροσδιορισμός) οι οποίες προβλέπουν τη συλλογική δράση. Τα αποτελέσματα καταδεικνύουν τη σημασία που έχουν οι κοινωνικοψυχολογικές διαδικασίες, αλλά και τα προτεινόμενα από τα ΜΜΕ πλαίσια της κοινωνικοοικονομικής πραγματικότητας στις αντιλήψεις των πολιτών και στην πρόθεσή τους να αναλάβουν συλλογική δράση.
Empirical Studies of the Art., 2019
Considerable research on music psychology indicates correlations between musical preferences and ... more Considerable research on music psychology indicates correlations between musical preferences and individual differences in personality, between the various uses of music and personality traits, and between musical preferences and personal values. However, the association between personal values and the multiple ways in which music is used has not been considered yet. To investigate this issue, 400 participants completed a self-report questionnaire comprising the uses of music, personality traits, and personal values, as well as provided their demographic details. The hierarchical regression analyses revealed that both personality and personal values along with gender contribute differentially to predicting the different ways in which music is used. Overall, these findings suggest that the understanding of the ways in which listeners experience music can be improved by contemplating various individual difference variables.
Atlantic Journal of Communication, 2018
In this prologue to a special issue on intergroup communication, we highlight areas of intersecti... more In this prologue to a special issue on intergroup communication, we highlight areas of intersection across its field. To start, we provide a brief history of the field, simultaneously highlighting 6 central principles guiding the work in this area. We then review 4 key themes-areas of intersection uniting the contributions in this special issue: (a) a sustained interest in canonical intergroup theories and topics; (b) the notion that there are various conceptualizations of intergroup communication, both linguistic and nonlinguistic; (c) scholars' strong interest in intercultural communication processes; and (d) the crossdisciplinary nature of intergroup communication scholarship. Thereafter, we present a 2-path model of inter-and intragroup communication that integrates interpersonal, media, and intergroup communication and overviews other contributions to this special issue.
Atlantic Journal of Communication, 2018
This article seeks to expand the theoretical base of intergroup communication by proposing a new ... more This article seeks to expand the theoretical base of intergroup communication by proposing a new model of interdependence. As a backdrop toward this end, historical and contemporary uses of the concept of interdependence are briefly reviewed across a range of different disciplines and research fields. Defining interdependence in terms of the embedded nature of groups, the foundations of a new communicative model of intergroup interdependence are introduced. Four propositions articulate how intergroup independence is associated with a variety of communicative outcomes. These outcomes include those relating to language attitudes, communication accommodations, and linguistic biases, together with the moderating conditions shaping the extent of these behavioral consequences. Finally, a diverse array of research questions that could fruitfully guide the future development of the model are suggested.
Journal of Social Issues, 2018
Two experiments examined the effect a leader has when supported by a numerical majority or minori... more Two experiments examined the effect a leader has when supported by a numerical majority or minority. In both experiments, participants read a team problemsolving scenario where a solution was supported by either a numerical majority or minority of the team. In some conditions, the team leader also supported the same solution as the majority or minority in other conditions the leader did not. When the leader was supported by the majority, its solution was rated as more favorable by participants than when supported by either the leader or majority on its own. When the leader was supported by the minority, its solution was rated as either less favorable or equally favorable than when supported by the leader or minority on its own. However, when the leader was supported by the minority participants rated an alternative (better) solution that was not discussed by the leader, as more favorable. These findings indicate that leadership endorsement results in greater compliance to a majority-endorsed position but to more elaboration, and better decision-making, to a minority-endorsed position. The policy * Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Robin Martin, Alliance Manch
Ψυχολογία: Το Περιοδικό της Ελληνικής Ψυχολογικής Εταιρίας, 2018
Is social media use related to political participation? And how does social media use interact wi... more Is social media use related to political participation? And how does social media use interact with social psychological variables in predicting political participation? A survey study (N= 238) examined the relationships among social psychological variables (political identification, political self-efficacy), social media variables (social media use, presumed social media influence) and political participation. Results showed that presumed social media influence and social media political use predicted political participation, while general social media use motives (e.g., funsocial, escapism, utilitarian) did not. Political identification and political self-efficacy had both direct and indirect (through social media variables) effects on political participation. A structural equation model provided corroborating evidence to these relationships, suggesting a complementary and mediational function of social media in predicting political participation.
International Review of Social Psychology, 2017
This research focuses on people's perceptions and explanations of majority and minority influence... more This research focuses on people's perceptions and explanations of majority and minority influence, and on the socio-cognitive processes that underlie them. Two experimental studies (Ns = 89, 139) examined the effects of source status (majority vs. minority) and message quality (strong vs. weak arguments) on perceptions of influence on self and others, explanations for this influence and message elaboration. An estimation of potential (and actual) influence on self and other recipients was examined and an expected bias in perception was evident, others were thought to be influenced more than the self (i.e. a thirdperson perception). These perceptions depended on the greater message elaboration instigated by a minority (vs. majority) source. The reasons people offer about the potential (or actual) influence were also examined-in particular, people's thoughts about the influential message and source's status (i.e. the information that they receive a message by a majority or a minority influence). Results showed that thinking as an explanation of influence is more important for a majority (vs. a minority) message and this does not depend on actual cognitive elaboration but rather on self-serving processes. Overall, the results show that thinking as an underlying process of, or as an account for, influence is differentially connected with majority and minority source. These findings contribute to our understanding of perceptions and explanations of social influence and of their underlying socio-cognitive processes.
Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 2017
The study examined the factors that predict support of national policies during the Greek economi... more The study examined the factors that predict support of national policies during the Greek economic crisis: Greece leaving the European monetary union (Grexit) or agreeing on a new memorandum that entails bailout packages in return of austerity measures. The relations between support of these policies and social identity, perceived injustice, collective efficacy, and emotions (anger, fear-and-helplessness) were found significant. These relationships were moderated by media frames that portrayed the economic situation as uncertain (vs. certain). Uncertainty frame moderated the relationship of (a) collective efficacy with policy support and of (b) fear-and-helplessness with policy support. A moderated mediation analysis also showed that media frame moderated the mediational relationship between perceived injustice and anger in predicting Grexit. The results suggest that support to such policies depends on people's subjective interpretations of their situation (e.g., perceived injustice) but media frames affect these processes as well.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.022
In this study, the characteristics of what users obs... more http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.022
In this study, the characteristics of what users observe when visiting a media website as wells as the prediction of the impact on oneself, friends and others are researched. The influence that this information has over their opinion verifies the existence of Web Third-person effect (WTPE). With the use of an online survey (N = 9150) in all media websites it was proved that the variables that have a greater impact either on others or our friends than ourselves are: The number of users being concurrently online on the same media website, the exact number of users having read each article on a media website as well as the number of users having shared a news article on facebook, twitter, or other social networks. Moreover, age is a significant factor that explains the findings and is important to the effect. Additionally, factors that affect the influence of the user generated messages on others than on oneself were found. Furthermore, the more credible the news is perceived to be and when there is not a particular mediated message the WTPE is absent confirming the existing theory.
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Papers by Antonis Gardikiotis
In this study, the characteristics of what users observe when visiting a media website as wells as the prediction of the impact on oneself, friends and others are researched. The influence that this information has over their opinion verifies the existence of Web Third-person effect (WTPE). With the use of an online survey (N = 9150) in all media websites it was proved that the variables that have a greater impact either on others or our friends than ourselves are: The number of users being concurrently online on the same media website, the exact number of users having read each article on a media website as well as the number of users having shared a news article on facebook, twitter, or other social networks. Moreover, age is a significant factor that explains the findings and is important to the effect. Additionally, factors that affect the influence of the user generated messages on others than on oneself were found. Furthermore, the more credible the news is perceived to be and when there is not a particular mediated message the WTPE is absent confirming the existing theory.