Faculty of Commerce Business Department

This research is interested in studying the role of some organizational and individual determinants in increasing employees' intrapreneurship behaviors. It also focuses on investigating the favorable situations upon which those determinants could enhance intrapreneurship behaviors. Specifically, the study investigates the effect of organizational climate for psychological safety, psychological ownership, achievement motivation, and big five personality traits on employees' risk taking, proactiveness and innovativeness behaviors. Furtheremore, it tests the moderating role of transformational leadership in strengthening the above direct relationships. Using both of on-line and handled questionnaires, in addition of using hierarchical regression analysis, on a convenient sample of 495 employees working in different private sectors in Alexandria, the results came to full and partial supports of most of the study hypotheses, while rejecting others. The findings revealed significant positive effects of organizational climate for psychological safety, psychological ownership, achievement motivation, extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness on intrapreneurship behaviors, while an unexpected negative relationship between openness to experience and those behaviors was revealed. Importantly, transformational leadership played the interactive role with most of those determinants in enhancing employees' intrapreneurship behaviors.

The Pharaonic giant has awaken from its thirty year hibernation on 25 th January 2011 and overthrown its tyrant president along with most of its corrupt regime. Egypt, currently in a state of upheaval, has undergone several changes during the past months; the most prominent include the flight of investors from the Egyptian market for fear of what might come. Since national culture is an imperative factor that needs to be considered by both financial investors and practitioners of Organizational Behavior, this paper aims to add to the literature in that regard and discuss whether the Egyptian National Culture has truly transformed from the roots or merely undergone superficial alterations summed up in trivial changes of the Egyptian pop culture including songs and advertisements. This has been conducted by reapplying the VSM '94 questionnaire, devised by Geert Hofstede, to 70 respondents and calculating Egypt's position on each of the five indices stated in his research.

Purpose: the paper aims at examining the existence of herding behaviour in two opposite market condition: bullish and bearish. Findings: The authors have reached general results based on hypotheses developed from related literature. The results show that: (a) the Egyptian market exhibits herding behaviour in general especially when the market is down, (b) the Egyptian market was found to be inefficient during bull and bear markets, and (c) there is asymmetric effects of trading volume and volatility on herding behaviour. Originality/value: The study contributes to the literature as (a) it extends studies of herding behaviour to an emerging market, not yet being thoroughly investigated, (b) it investigates the presence of herding during market stress, bearish and bullish market phases, and (c) it also examines the existence of asymmetric herding associated to trading volume and market volatility.

Financial Inclusion is considered to be the core objective of many developing nations (Egypt is one of them) in last decade. Many researchers have tackled this phenomenon, yet there is a gap in the previous research particularly, on how to measure this important indicator. The disagreement not only extends to the measurements and the dimensions used to determine the degree of financial inclusion, but also reside in the fact that there is no definite statistical technique that can be used to determine this level. This study is motivated to fill such a gap by introducing a new, yet more efficient measurement of financial inclusion. This paper attempts to develop a unique multi-dimensional index to measure the degree of financial inclusion in Egypt during the years 2014 and 2017. This objective is fulfilled by using the confirmatory factor modeling technique using the Global Findex survey data.

The main purpose of this paper is to give a deeper insight into the concept of absorptive capacity. Thus, the theoretical model of absorptive capacity will be introduced. Research on absorptive capacity covers theories of learning, innovation, managerial cognition, the knowledge-based view of the firm, dynamic capabilities and co-evolutionary theories. This paper focuses on three important dimensions including; theories of learning, innovation and networking effects, these dimensions will be studied with respect to creation of absorptive capacity of a company.

This paper aims at examining the existence of herding behaviour in two opposite market condition: bullish and bearish. The paper extends Christie and Huang (1995) and Chang et al. (2000) methods. The sample includes daily and monthly data of Egyptian listed companies from January 2007-December 2012. The results show that: a) firms exhibit herding behaviour when the market is down; b) the Egyptian market is inefficient during bull and bear markets; c) there is asymmetric effects of trading volume and volatility on herding behaviour. The paper contributes to the literature as it shows the determinants of herding behaviour in a small market where dissemination of financial information is relatively slow and uncertainty is relatively high, thus herding differs during bull and bear movements. The paper carries practical implications in terms of detecting mispricing of stocks and market destabilisation.

 The Scarcity of Resources  The necessity of economizing  Choices Private wants/ collective wants Public finance is particularly concerned with the satisfaction of collective wants National resources are divided between the private and the public sector (Gov.)

2.1 Mikä ERP-järjestelmä on? 2.2 ERP-toiminnanohjausjärjestelmien tarjoajat Suomessa 2.3 ERP-toiminnanohjausjärjestelmän hankintaprosessi 3 PK-YRITYSTEN TOIMINNANOHJAUS JA TIEDONHALLINTA 3.1 Pienten ja keskisuurten yritysten toiminnanohjaus 3.2 ERP-järjestelmä pk-yrityksessä 3.3 ERP-toiminnanohjausjärjestelmän edut ja ongelmat pk-yrityksen näkökulmasta 4 CASE: KOLMEN ERP-TOIMINNANOHJAUSJÄRJESTELMÄÄ KÄYTTÄVIEN PK-YRITYKSEN TAPAUKSET 4.1 Tutkimusprosessi 4.2 Haastattelujen teemat 4.3 Tutkimukseen osallistuneet yritykset 4.3.1 Enter SystemSolutions Oy 4.3.2 Mar-La Ravintolat Oy 4.3.3 Okram Oy 4.4 Tutkimuksen tulokset 4.4.1 Yrityksen tilanne ennen ERP-toiminnanohjausjärjestelmää 4.4.2 Valintaprosessi ja käyttöönotto 4.4.3 Järjestelmän käyttö 4.4.4 Toiminnanohjausjärjestelmän hankinnan lopputulos 5 JOHTOPÄÄTÖKSET LÄHTEET LIITTEET Liite 1. Teemahaastattelujen rakenne KUVIOT Kuvio 1: Toiminnanohjausjärjestelmien kehityshistoria ja toiminnallisuuden kehittyminen Kuvio 2: ERP-järjestelmän perusrakenne Kuvio 3: Perinteinen ERP-ajattelu suhteutettuna järjestelmien integrointiin Kuvio 4: ERP-ratkaisu pienissä organisaatioissa Kuvio 5: ERP-ratkaisu keskisuurissa organisaatioissa Kuvio 6: Toiminnanohjausjärjestelmää suunnittelevien yritysten vahvimmat vaihtoehdot Kuvio 7: Pk-yrityksen tuote-ja palvelukonseptit

A virtual organization is a new kind of technology-enabled organization formed for the internationalization of business operations. , a virtual organization has established an entirely new kind of relationship among organizations, employees and customers. This new breed of virtual organizations exists mostly on the Internet without any physical location.

Entrepreneurs' actions and attitudes towards business decisions are fundamental to new ventures. Building on Fauchart and Gruber (2011), which identifies three types of entrepreneurial social identity (Darwinian, communitarian, and missionary), this study analyzes how these identities influence use of effectual and causal logic, while also explaining the effect of the culture of the country in which the entrepreneurship initiative is developed. Based on a survey of 5076 founders who created their own venture, the results support the conclusion that the cultural dimensions defined as avoiding uncertainty, individualism, long term orientation, and distribution of power influence decisions made using effectuation.

Customer satisfaction is one of the main topics in marketing that received large attentions from several scholars and practitioners. Satisfied customers tend to be the driving force for brand success and building sustainable competitive advantage; therefore, looking at the antecedents of customer satisfaction is deemed to be very important. This article is designed to examine the effects of social media marketing, price promotion, and corporate social responsibility on customer satisfaction in the fast-food industry. The data were collected using a survey instrument from 293 customers of international fast-food restaurants in east coast Malaysia. To analyze the collected data and reach at conclusions, SPSS and structural equation modeling (AMOS) were utilized. The findings revealed that social media marketing and price promotion have significant effects on customer satisfaction. Moreover, the findings revealed that corporate social responsibility has a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction.

Customer satisfaction is one of the main topics in marketing that received large attentions from several scholars and practitioners. Satisfied customers tend to be the driving force for brand success and building sustainable competitive advantage; therefore, looking at the antecedents of customer satisfaction is deemed to be very important. This article is designed to examine the effects of social media marketing, price promotion, and corporate social responsibility on customer satisfaction in the fast-food industry. The data were collected using a survey instrument from 293 customers of international fast-food restaurants in east coast Malaysia. To analyze the collected data and reach at conclusions, SPSS and structural equation modeling (AMOS) were utilized. The findings revealed that social media marketing and price promotion have significant effects on customer satisfaction. Moreover, the findings revealed that corporate social responsibility has a significant positive impact on...

The management of the financial budget of universities is an extremely complex task due to having numerous different documents and calculation processes. In many developing regions and countries including the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, budget execution and accounting processes are manual. This had deleterious effects on the functioning of their expenditure and income management. This research represents the design and implementation of a responsive web-based system for controlling the financial budget of universities. This system can improve the recording and processing of financial transactions. Moreover, it traces all the stages of the transaction processing from budget releases, does auditing, and accounting of expenditures, incomes, deposits, and funds. Furthermore, it provides financial information on present and past performance. The system is a responsive web-based system, which adjusts the layout of the pages based on the screen size and orientation of the user's device. ...