Electrical-Electronics Engineering

The LIII subshell absorption jump ratio and jump factor of tantalum have been calculated for the first
time by the mass attenuation coefficients determined using narrow transmission geometry, primary
source (241Am annular radioisotope source) and secondary source targets (Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Tb, Ho, Er,
Tm, Yb, Cu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi). The obtained results have been compared with
theoretical values. They are in good agreement with each othe

This work is on the L III subshell absorption jump ratio and jump factor of tantalum. c These parameters were obtained using the mass attenuation coefficients measured the L III absorption edge. c The results are in good agreement with theoretically calculated values.

Since the beginning of history, our ancestors have made use of different types of materials, including stone, ivory, metals, textiles, etc to draw signs and share information. Although many materials have been employed during the history of human kind, the most commonly used graphic supplies have been papyrus, parchment and paper [1]. When one speaks about paper, the first thing that comes to mind is that it is for carrying information, not for wrapping and packaging [2]. Nowadays, paper is the most common information carrier as it used to be. Pulp is diluted to at least 99 % with water and a mineral filler and water soluble substances such as optical brighteners and polyvinyl alcohol are added in the production of paper. Silicates, sulphates, carbonates, oxides and sulphides are used as mineral fillers depending on the paper application [3,4]. Rozic et al. [2] have made elemental analyses for ashes of office paper by using EDXRF spectrometry. Artificial aging processes in modern paper have been researched with X-ray spectrometry technique by Manso et al. [5]. Lartigue et al. [6] have analyzed some of cigarette paper with the help of EDXRF. The elemental characterization from papyrus to paper has been investigated with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry by Manso et al. [7]. Manso et al. [8] have compared the elemental content between modern and ancient paper by EDXRF. The characterization of paper which belongs to 18 th and 19 th century

This investigation focuses on the gamma ray attenuation parameters of natural animal bone, iron, cobalt, copper and zinc doped Nano hydroxyapatite artificial bone powders and pure hydroxyapatite. The present specimens were excited by means of gamma ray photons with 59.5 keV energy radiated from a 241-Amercium annular radioactive source with 50 mCi activity by means of narrow beam transmission geometry. The transmitted gamma-rays were counted with using Ultra Low Energy Germanium (Ultra-LEGe) detector with a resolution 150 eV at 5.95 keV. The gamma-ray attenuation characteristics such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) (µ/ρ), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) (µ), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL) and mean free path (MFP), which has a significant role in the attenuation studies, are also calculated. The values obtained were checked with the predicted values from the XCOM NIST. The results show that the attenuation data of the metal-doped hydroxyapatite synthetic bone dust is very close to the value of the natural animal bone.

This research focalized on the gamma ray attenuation charesteristics of real bone and manganese substituted Nano hydroxyapatite artificial bone dusts. The current samples were excited with using 59.5 keV photons emitted from an 241 Am annular radioisotope source with 50 mCi activity by using a narrow beam transmission geometry and detected with using Ultra Low Energy Germanium detector with a resolution 150 eV at 5,95 keV experimentally. The gamma-ray attenuation parameters such as linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, tenth value layer and mean free path are also calculated experimentally and theoretically. The present results points out that the attenuation values of the manganese substituted hydroxyapatite artificial bone dust is very close to the value of the real bone.

The goal of this work is to research the effect of different Au-Ag ratios on the homogeneity of Au-Ag bimetal alloys. Thin films of silver (Ag)-gold (Au) bimetal alloy were produced using Vaksis Thermal Evaporator system and quartz crystal microbalance detector at different gold (Au) additive ratios. Micro beam X-Ray fluorescence spectrometer system was used to calculate the homogeneity of bimetallic Ag-Au alloy thin films and to calculate production Au-Ag ratios with different concentration values. It is seen that the calculated ratios and production value are in good agreement.

This research aimed to assess natural radioactivity levels in lake sediment of Karacaoren II Dam. In this study sediment samples were collected from 12 station of lake in May, 2016. The natural radionuclides 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K were measured with a coaxial HPGe detector (Canberra, GC 1519 model) of 15% relative efficiency and a resolution of 1.9 keV at the 1332 keV gamma of  60 Co. In order to assess the radiological hazards resulting from natural radioactivity, radium equivalent activities ( Ra eq ), absorber dose rate ( D ), internal ( H in ) and external ( H ex ) hazard index, annual effective dose rate ( AED ) and Excess life time cancer risk ( ELCR ) were calculated and compared with recommended values of international organizations.

In the present study, the concentration levels of heavy metals such as Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb in sediment samples collected from 16 sampling locations in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea regions, Turkey was measured using energy dispersive X–ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF). Various pollution parameters and methods, such as the enrichment factor (EF), geo–accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk index (RI), and geo–spatial distribution patterns were used to assess in detail the pollution status, ecological risks and sources of metals in sediment. The mean concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb were found to be 565.38, 46,000, 34.38, 104.06, 109.88, 87.31, and 32.31 mg/kg, respectively. Results showed that the mean concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb exceeded the crustal shale value, with the exception of Mn, Fe, Ni and Cr. According to the calculated pollution parameters, although minimal or moderate pollution...

Manganese substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nMnHAp) were produced using the ultrasonic wet chemical method. The elemental analysis was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with integrated Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDX). The mass attenuation coefficients of manganese substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been measured at 59.5 keV gamma energy emitted from 241 Am radioisotope annular source with 50 mCi activity by using Ultra Low 2 Energy Germanium Detector. These values are found to be in good agreement with theoretical values based on calculated XCOM data. Electron densities and effective atomic numbers were calculated by using the mass attenuation coefficients. Also, the mass attenuation coefficient of the real bone was determined as experimentally. The obtained results may provide information on how much radiation is transmitted through the sample when they are exposed to gamma-rays at 59.5 keV by comparing real bone.

Iron, cobalt, copper and zinc decorated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were produced with using ultrasonically assisted wet chemical method. Calcium nitrate tetra hydrate and dibasic ammonium phosphate were used as calcium and phosphorous source, respectively. Calcium nitrate tetra hydrate and dibasic ammonium phosphate solutions were prepared by dissolving the salts in distilled water and at different concentrations of decorated elements (iron, cobalt, copper and zinc) were appended to the calcium nitrate tetra hydrate solution. Stoichiometric decorated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were analysed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) with using standard method and the element analysis was determined with looking at the grain structures by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Not only have the concentrations of decorated metals but also calcium and phosphorus ratio for artificial bone powders been determined. As a result, calcium and phosphor ratio and metal decorated contents were evaluated according to the production values and compared previous studies. The answer to the question of how much of the contribution amounts was searched.

Bu araştırmada, Ni-B alaşımlı kaplamalarda Ni'nin K kabuğu değerlik elektronik yapısı, X-ışını emisyonu ve XRD spektrumları toplanarak incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler K beta/K alfa X-ışını yoğunluk oranları ve XRD verileri açısından değerlendirildi. Kaplanmış alaşımlar, bu çalışma için farklı konsantrasyonlarda altıgen bor nitrür (hBN) kullanılarak elektrokimyasal depolama yöntemiyle üretilmiştir. Mevcut örneklere sabit konsantrasyonda sakarin ve trimetilamin boran kompleksi (TMAB) ilave edildi. Mevcut örnekler, 241 Am halka şeklindeki radyoaktif kaynaktan gelen 59.5 keV fotonları tarafından uyarıldı. Örneklerden yayılan K kabuk X-ışınları, 5,9 keV'de 150 eV çözünürlüğe sahip bir Ultra-LEGe dedektörü vasıtasıyla tespit edildi. Ni-B alaşımlarının K kabuğu X-ışını yoğunluk oranları saf Ni ile kontrol edildi. Mevcut sonuçlardaki değişimler, katkılı TMAB ve sakarin içeren Ni-B/hBN kaplama malzemelerinde Ni'nin değerlik elektronik yapılarındaki değişim ile yorumlanmıştır.

This research aimed to assess natural radioactivity levels in lake sediment of Karacaören II Dam. In this study sediment samples were collected from 12 station of lake in May, 2016. The natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured with a coaxial HPGe detector (Canberra, GC 1519 model) of 15% relative efficiency and a resolution of 1.9 keV at the 1332 keV gamma of 60Co. In order to assess the radiological hazards resulting from natural radioactivity, radium equivalent activities (Raeq), absorber dose rate (D), internal (Hin) and external (Hex) hazard index, annual effective dose rate (AED) and Excess life time cancer risk (ELCR) were calculated and compared with recommended values of international organizations.

The K-shell characteristic X-ray intensity ratios of nickel (II) oxide thin films generated by chemical spraying with 1-6 percent boron doping were studied. An americium-241 radioisotope source generated 59.543 kilo-electron volt gamma rays at 50 mili Curie intensity for these samples. The distinctive X-rays of the samples were calculated using a Canberra ultra-low energy germanium detector (with a resolution of 150 electron volts at 5.96 keV). The results were interpreted based on the amount of boron doped in nickel (II) oxide thin films, and it was discovered that, with the exception of boron doping quantities of 5 percent and 6 percent, K-shell X-ray intensity ratios rose as boron doping amounts increased. The findings are given and compared to those of the previous study. The obtained results are provided and compared in the table to the other researchers' theoretical and experimental results. topics: NiO, boron, K-shell intensity ratio, thin film