This study presents an innovative hybrid evolutionary algorithm that combines the Arctic Puffin O... more This study presents an innovative hybrid evolutionary algorithm that combines the Arctic Puffin Optimization (APO) algorithm with the JADE dynamic differential evolution framework. The APO algorithm, inspired by the foraging patterns of Arctic puffins, demonstrates certain challenges, including a tendency to converge prematurely at local minima, a slow rate of convergence, and an insufficient equilibrium between the exploration and exploitation processes. To mitigate these drawbacks, the proposed hybrid approach incorporates the dynamic features of JADE, which enhances the exploration-exploitation trade-off through adaptive parameter control and the use of an external archive. By synergizing the effective search mechanisms modeled after the foraging behavior of Arctic puffins with JADE's advanced dynamic strategies, this integration significantly improves global search efficiency and accelerates the convergence process. The effectiveness of APO-JADE is demonstrated through benchmark tests against well-known IEEE CEC 2022 unimodal and multimodal functions, showing superior performance over 32 compared optimization algorithms. Additionally, APO-JADE is applied to complex engineering design problems, including the optimization of engineering structures and mechanisms, revealing its practical utility in navigating challenging, multi-dimensional search spaces typically encountered in real-world engineering problems. The results confirm that APO-JADE outperformed all of the compared optimizers, effectively addressing the challenges of unknown and complex search areas in engineering design optimization.
International journal of interactive mobile technologies, Nov 2, 2023
Emerging technologies in artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced optimization methodologies hav... more Emerging technologies in artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced optimization methodologies have opened up a new frontier in the field of software engineering. Among these methodologies, optimization algorithms such as the multi-verse optimizer (MVO) provide a compelling and structured technique for identifying software vulnerabilities, thereby enhancing software robustness and reliability. This research investigates the feasibility and efficacy of applying an augmented version of this technique, known as the test path distance multiverse optimization (TPDMVO) algorithm, for comprehensive path coverage testing, which is an indispensable aspect of software validation. The algorithm's versatility and robustness are examined through its application to a wide range of case studies with varying degrees of complexity. These case studies include rudimentary functions like maximum and middle value extraction, as well as more sophisticated data structures such as binary search trees and AVL trees. A notable innovation in this research is the introduction of a customized fitness function, carefully designed to guide TPDMVO towards traversing all possible execution paths in a program, thereby ensuring comprehensive coverage. To further enhance the comprehensiveness of the test, a metric called 'test path distance' (TPD) is utilized. This metric is designed to guide TPDMVO towards paths that have not been explored before. The findings confirm the superior performance of the TPDMVO algorithm, which achieves complete path coverage in all test scenarios. This demonstrates its robustness and adaptability in handling different program complexities.
Recent studies proved the existence of a relationship between the complexity of university curric... more Recent studies proved the existence of a relationship between the complexity of university curricula and graduation rates. As a result, extensive efforts have been done in an attempt to restructure curricula in order to improve graduation rates. In this paper, we propose a new model for evaluating and quantifying the impact of restructuring curricula on graduation rates using a Bayesian network framework. We validate our model by analyzing a common curricular pattern found in most of the engineering programs. We demonstrate its usefulness using actual data for students at the University of New Mexico. We also extend this model to include a helpful tool that can be used to predict student performance. The advantage of our work is characterized by its data-driven nature which makes it more reliable than other proposed models.
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies
Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-Advanced) supports both the use of Carrier Aggregation (CA) and... more Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-Advanced) supports both the use of Carrier Aggregation (CA) and the use of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets). The main contribution of this paper was in modifying the LTE-Sim simulator to support the use of Disjoint Queue Scheduler (DQS) for a HetNet deployment of a macro-cell and a variable number of picocells. Then evaluating and comparing the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of the DQS based MLWDF, with DQS based EXP-Rule, and with SC MLWDF. The QoS performance evaluation is based upon the average users' throughput, Packet Loss Rate (PLR), and average packet delay. Experimental results showed that the use of the DQS can double the pico-cells' users throughput with a loss of fth of the macro-cell's users throughput. The use of the DQS also increased the PLR and the packet delay values for both type of users. The use of both DQS schedulers, the DQS based MLWDF and DQS based EXP-Rule had a similar uctuating performance in terms of average users' throughput and PLR. However, the the DQS based MLWDF had a slightly better performance in terms of packet delay.
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks
Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize... more Frequency reuse in cells is one of the strategies that LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses to maximize the spectrum efficiency. However, it leads to an interference among the cells, especially at the cell edges where the probability for a cell-edge user to be scheduled on a resource block that is being transmitted by the neighbouring cell is high; consequently, the interference is high. In-order to mitigate Inter-Cell Interference (ICI), Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards for the LTE network, and later on, the enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) was proposed for the LTE-Advanced network. ICIC reduces cell-edge interference on traffic channels from neighbouring cells by the use of three interference reduction schemes that works in the power and frequency domain, and they are based on lowering the power of some channels to limit their reception to the users that are close to the base statio...
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks
The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly ... more The number of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) users and their applications has increased significantly in the last decade, which increased the demand on the mobile network. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) comes with many features that can support this increasing demand. LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment, in which it consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as Pico-cells, and Femto-cells. Embedding this mix of base-stations in a macro-cellular network allows for achieving significant gains in coverage, throughput and system capacity compared to the use of macrocells only. These base-stations can operate on the same wireless channel as the macro-cellular network, which will provide higher spatial reuse via cell splitting. Also, it allows network operators to support higher data traffic by offloading it to smaller cells, such as Femto-cells. Hence, it enables network operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quali...
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks
This survey paper provides a detailed explanation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network’s... more This survey paper provides a detailed explanation of Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network’s packet scheduling algorithms in both downlink and uplink directions. It starts by explaining the difference between Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) that is used in downlink transmission, and Single Carrier – Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is used in uplink. Then, it explains the difference between the LTE scheduling process in the donwlink and uplink through explaining the interaction between users and the scheduler. Then, it explains the most commonly used downlink and uplink scheduling algorithms through analyzing their formulas, characteristics, most suitable conditions for them to work in, and the main differences among them. This explanation covers the Max Carrier-toInterference (C/I), Round Robin (RR), Proportional Fair (PF), Earliest Deadline First (EDF), Modified EDF-PF, Modified-Largest Weighted Delay First (M-LWDF), Exponential Proportional ...
International journal of Computer Networks & Communications
In this paper, we propose, implement, and test two novel downlink LTE scheduling algorithms. The ... more In this paper, we propose, implement, and test two novel downlink LTE scheduling algorithms. The implementation and testing of these algorithms were in Matlab, and they are based on the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL), more specifically, the Q-learning technique for scheduling two types of users. The first algorithm is called a Collaborative scheduling algorithm, and the second algorithm is called a Competitive scheduling algorithm. The first type of the scheduled users is the Primary Users (PUs), and they are the licensed subscribers that pay for their service. The second type of the scheduled users is the Secondary Users (SUs), and they could be un-licensed subscribers that don't pay for their service, device-to-device communications, or sensors. Each user whether it’s a primary or secondary is considered as an agent. In the Collaborative scheduling algorithm, the primary user agents will collaborate in order to make a joint scheduling decision about allocating the resource...
Spectrum utilization is vital for mobile operators. It ensures an efficient use of spectrum bands... more Spectrum utilization is vital for mobile operators. It ensures an efficient use of spectrum bands, especially when obtaining their license is highly expensive. Long Term Evolution (LTE), and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) spectrum bands license were auctioned by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) to mobile operators with hundreds of millions of dollars. LTE/LTE-A comes with lots of enhanced technological features, such as Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) deployment. These features enable operators to provide their growing number of users with the required Quality of Service (QoS) that meets with their service demands. In-order for operators to utilise their LTE/LTE-A cellular network spectrum resources, they have to use an efficient Radio Resource Management (RRM) set of procedures, one of which are packet scheduling algorithms that play an important role in efficiently managing the spectrum resources.
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 2018
This research paper aims at comparing two multi-core processors machines, the Intel core i7-4960X... more This research paper aims at comparing two multi-core processors machines, the Intel core i7-4960X processor (Ivy Bridge E) and the AMD Phenom II X6. It starts by introducing a single-core processor machine to motivate the need for multi-core processors. Then, it explains the multi-core processor machine and the issues that rises in implementing them. It also provides a real life example machines such as TILEPro64 and Epiphany-IV 64-core 28nm Microprocessor (E64G401). The methodology that was used in comparing the Intel core i7 and AMD phenom II processors starts by explaining how processors' performance are measured, then by listing the most important and relevant technical specification to the comparison. After that, running the comparison by using different metrics such as power, the use of Hyper-Threading technology, the operating frequency, the use of AES encryption and decryption, and the different characteristics of cache memory such as the size, classification, and its memory controller. Finally, reaching to a roughly decision about which one of them has a better over all performance.
International journal of Computer Networks & Communications, 2015
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards... more Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 20 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier. The number of LTE users and their applications are increasing, which increases the demand on the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggregation (CA), this feature allows the network to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a higher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous. In addition to the Carrier Aggregation feature, LTE-A supports Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets). HetNets consists of a mix of macro-cells, remote radio heads, and low power nodes such as pico-cells, and femto-cells. HetNets allow cellular network operators to support higher data traffic by offloading it to a smaller cells such as femto-cells. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of the Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms while offloading 50% of the macro-cell's traffic to five femto-cells, 100% of the macro-cell's traffic to five femto-cells, 100% of the macro-cell's traffic to ten femto-cells, and to compare it with the case in-which traffic offloading is not applied. The QoS performance evaluation is based on the system's average throughput, Packet Loss Rate (PLR), average packet delay, and fairness among users. The LTE-Sim-5 with modifications is used in the simulation process. Simulation results show that offloading 100% of the Macro-cell's traffic to five femtocells had the highest maximum throughput, and the best PLR values especially when using the Log-Rule, in-which using it maintained the PLR values around 0.15 despite increasing the number of users. The least average packet delay was achieved when offloading 100% of the Macro-cell's traffic to ten femto-cells, the delay dropped to below 5 ms. The fairness indicators for the three scheduling algorithms while traffic offloading was applied fluctuated in a linear way between a range of values of 0.7 and 0.9.
Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT ), 2015
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards... more Long Term Evolution (LTE) is defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards as Release 8/9. The LTE supports at max 20 MHz channel bandwidth for a carrier. The number of LTE users and their applications are increasing, which increases the demand on the system BW. A new feature of the LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) which is defined in the 3GPP standards as Release 10/11 is called Carrier Aggregation (CA), this feature allows the network to aggregate more carriers in-order to provide a higher bandwidth. Carrier Aggregation has three main cases: Intra-band contiguous, Intra-band non-contiguous, Inter-band contiguous. The main contribution of this paper was in implementing the Intra-band contiguous case by modifying the LTE-Sim-5, then evaluating the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of the Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), the Exponential Rule (Exp-Rule), and the Logarithmic Rule (Log-Rule) scheduling algorithms over LTE/LTE-A in the Down-Link direction. The QoS performance evaluation is based on the system's average throughput, Packet Loss Rate (PLR), average packet delay, and fairness among users. Simulation results show that the use of CA improved the system's average throughput, and almost doubled the system's maximum throughput. It reduced the PLR values almost by a half. It also reduced the average packet delay by 20-40\% that varied according to the video bit-rate and the number of users. The fairness indicator was improved with the use of CA by a factor of 10-20%.
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Papers by Najem Sirhan