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Fig. 1. Map of Thasos showing the Bronze Age settlements (black) and mining sites (red) mentioned in the text. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Figure 1 Map of Thasos showing the Bronze Age settlements (black) and mining sites (red) mentioned in the text. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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Fig. 2. Cobbled area with standing stones at late EBA Limenaria where several metallurgical finds were recovered (source: Archive of the Ephorate of Antiq- uities of Kavala and Thasos).
Fig. 2. Cobbled area with standing stones at late EBA Limenaria where several metallurgical finds were recovered (source: Archive of the Ephorate of Antiq- uities of Kavala and Thasos).
Methods of analysis for the artefacts under study. Table 1 sections was performed using Nital (2% Nitric acid) and examination was carried out at magnifications between x50 and x1000 allowing for a detailed evaluation of the objects’ fabrication history. Five artefacts were additionally examined under the SEM/EDS for a characterisation of certain inclusions evident in the microstructure. The micro-samples, measuring 5 x 5 mm, were acquired using a jeweller’s saw (sampling spots are marked in red circles on each objects in Fig. 3). For the blades that were not intact upon recovery, sections were cut across the objects’ width. The majority of artefacts (seven) derives from the settlement of Aghios Ioannis, while two were recovered at Limenaria, one comes from Skala Sotiros and one from Aghios Antonios. Elemental composition has been determined by the use of X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy at the N. C.S.R ‘Demokritos’ in Athens. The XRF unit used is equipped with a Rh- anode, a Si-PiN diode X-ray detector (XR-100CR, Amptek Inc.) and a multichannel analyzer (MCA-8000A, Amptek Inc.). All the spectra were collected in the 40 kV mode in order to permit high atomic number el- ements such as Pb and Sn to be detected. The X-ray beam spot size was 3 mm, acquisition time was set at 60 sec, and quantification was achieved with the use of reference materials (CRM BCR-691). The surface
Methods of analysis for the artefacts under study. Table 1 sections was performed using Nital (2% Nitric acid) and examination was carried out at magnifications between x50 and x1000 allowing for a detailed evaluation of the objects’ fabrication history. Five artefacts were additionally examined under the SEM/EDS for a characterisation of certain inclusions evident in the microstructure. The micro-samples, measuring 5 x 5 mm, were acquired using a jeweller’s saw (sampling spots are marked in red circles on each objects in Fig. 3). For the blades that were not intact upon recovery, sections were cut across the objects’ width. The majority of artefacts (seven) derives from the settlement of Aghios Ioannis, while two were recovered at Limenaria, one comes from Skala Sotiros and one from Aghios Antonios. Elemental composition has been determined by the use of X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy at the N. C.S.R ‘Demokritos’ in Athens. The XRF unit used is equipped with a Rh- anode, a Si-PiN diode X-ray detector (XR-100CR, Amptek Inc.) and a multichannel analyzer (MCA-8000A, Amptek Inc.). All the spectra were collected in the 40 kV mode in order to permit high atomic number el- ements such as Pb and Sn to be detected. The X-ray beam spot size was 3 mm, acquisition time was set at 60 sec, and quantification was achieved with the use of reference materials (CRM BCR-691). The surface
Fig. 3. The assemblage of Cu alloy artefacts included in the current study (1) pendant D1-O #1 AE3 (2) pin D6-B #6 AE21 (3) awl D6-TE #2 AE9 (4) drill D58-I #15 AE59 (5) piercing tool D2-BII #2 AE7 (6) blade D3-r'= #1 AE4 (7) knife D7-I #3 AE5 (8) piercing tool D12-I #5 AE12 (9) awl D7-H#2 AE12 (10) dagger ME& B® #6 AE19 (source: Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Kavala and Thasos).
Fig. 3. The assemblage of Cu alloy artefacts included in the current study (1) pendant D1-O #1 AE3 (2) pin D6-B #6 AE21 (3) awl D6-TE #2 AE9 (4) drill D58-I #15 AE59 (5) piercing tool D2-BII #2 AE7 (6) blade D3-r'= #1 AE4 (7) knife D7-I #3 AE5 (8) piercing tool D12-I #5 AE12 (9) awl D7-H#2 AE12 (10) dagger ME& B® #6 AE19 (source: Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Kavala and Thasos).
Compositional analysis of As-Cu artefacts by XRF (first four) and SEM/EDX. Note: Concentration of Ag is given in ppm, determined by INA.
Compositional analysis of As-Cu artefacts by XRF (first four) and SEM/EDX. Note: Concentration of Ag is given in ppm, determined by INA.
Fig. 4. (1) metallographic section of awl (D2-BH#2AE7) showing slip bands in parallel lines, green inclusions of copper sulphides (2) metallographic section of the same awl from the edge showing recrystallized grains, some bearing annealing twins (3) metallographic section of a blade (D3-'X #1 AE4) showing severely deformed structure caused by hammering (4) section of the same blade showing parallel lines of slip bands, signs of hammering (etched with Nital). (For inter- pretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 4. (1) metallographic section of awl (D2-BH#2AE7) showing slip bands in parallel lines, green inclusions of copper sulphides (2) metallographic section of the same awl from the edge showing recrystallized grains, some bearing annealing twins (3) metallographic section of a blade (D3-'X #1 AE4) showing severely deformed structure caused by hammering (4) section of the same blade showing parallel lines of slip bands, signs of hammering (etched with Nital). (For inter- pretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 5. (1) metallographic section of knife blade (D7-I #3 AES) with parallel bands of super-imposed microstructure; (2) metallographic section of the same knife under higher magnification (x500) (3) metallographic section of piercing tool (D12-I #5 AE12) showing deformed crystals with high stress and strain lines (4) metallographic section of the same tool with evidence of deformed crystals due to prolonged hammering (etched with Nital).
Fig. 5. (1) metallographic section of knife blade (D7-I #3 AES) with parallel bands of super-imposed microstructure; (2) metallographic section of the same knife under higher magnification (x500) (3) metallographic section of piercing tool (D12-I #5 AE12) showing deformed crystals with high stress and strain lines (4) metallographic section of the same tool with evidence of deformed crystals due to prolonged hammering (etched with Nital).
Fig. 6. (1) metallographic section of awl (D7-H#2 AE12) with Pb inclusions appearing whitish/yellow and Cu sulphides appearing green (2) metallographic section of the same awl closer to the edge under higher magnification (x500) (3) metallographic section of dagger (ME8-B® #6 AE19) showing deformed crystals oriented along parallel bands (etched with Nital). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 6. (1) metallographic section of awl (D7-H#2 AE12) with Pb inclusions appearing whitish/yellow and Cu sulphides appearing green (2) metallographic section of the same awl closer to the edge under higher magnification (x500) (3) metallographic section of dagger (ME8-B® #6 AE19) showing deformed crystals oriented along parallel bands (etched with Nital). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 7. SEM/EDS micrographs (1) a Ag and Bi/As inclusion (white) in awl D2-BII #2 AE7 (2) finely dispersed inclusions (white) of Sb-Pb composition in blade D3-T= #1 AE4 (3) elongated Pb inclusions (white) in knife D7-I #3 AE5 (4) Pb inclusions (white) in awl D7-H#2 AE12 (5) Ag inclusions (white) in blade D3-l'= #1 AE4 (6) Ag inclusion in dagger ME8-B® #6 AE19.
Fig. 7. SEM/EDS micrographs (1) a Ag and Bi/As inclusion (white) in awl D2-BII #2 AE7 (2) finely dispersed inclusions (white) of Sb-Pb composition in blade D3-T= #1 AE4 (3) elongated Pb inclusions (white) in knife D7-I #3 AE5 (4) Pb inclusions (white) in awl D7-H#2 AE12 (5) Ag inclusions (white) in blade D3-l'= #1 AE4 (6) Ag inclusion in dagger ME8-B® #6 AE19.
Fig. 8. Major elements, excluding copper.
Fig. 8. Major elements, excluding copper.
Fig. 9. Cu/As alloys from Thasos plotted on a ternary colour diagram (100 wt% Cu — 30 wt% As — 30 wt% Sn), based on colorimetric RGB values (adapted from Radivojevi¢ et al. 2018, 111, Fig. 8).
Fig. 9. Cu/As alloys from Thasos plotted on a ternary colour diagram (100 wt% Cu — 30 wt% As — 30 wt% Sn), based on colorimetric RGB values (adapted from Radivojevi¢ et al. 2018, 111, Fig. 8).
Fig. 10. Anthropomorphic stele from Skala Soriros (EBA I) bearing a dagger and axe (or hammer) attached on the belt (source: Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Kavala and Thasos). elites in controlling resources and encouraging craft specialization in EBA Thasos, some clues on identity formation through the consumption of metals may be found at Skala Sotiros. At this site, several anthropo- morphic stelae had been incorporated as building material into the fortification wall of the EBA II settlement and were thus dated to an earlier phase (EBA I). These are bas-relief sculptures of stylized human figures and a slab-shaped stele of the menhir type (Koukouli-Chrys- anthaki 1991, 424). Another fragment from a similar stele was recov- ered as a chance find near the settlement of Kastri, that is probably of later date (Koukouli-Chrysanthaki 1992, 512). It is important to note that the best-preserved, early examples from Skala Sotiros were inter- preted as representations of hunters, warriors or venerated ancestors considering the belts and weapons they were portrayed with. Interest- ingly two figures are depicted holding what seem to be metal daggers while one has an axe or hammer attached to his belt (Fig. 10). As such, they provide further indirect proof for metal circulation and
Fig. 10. Anthropomorphic stele from Skala Soriros (EBA I) bearing a dagger and axe (or hammer) attached on the belt (source: Archive of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Kavala and Thasos). elites in controlling resources and encouraging craft specialization in EBA Thasos, some clues on identity formation through the consumption of metals may be found at Skala Sotiros. At this site, several anthropo- morphic stelae had been incorporated as building material into the fortification wall of the EBA II settlement and were thus dated to an earlier phase (EBA I). These are bas-relief sculptures of stylized human figures and a slab-shaped stele of the menhir type (Koukouli-Chrys- anthaki 1991, 424). Another fragment from a similar stele was recov- ered as a chance find near the settlement of Kastri, that is probably of later date (Koukouli-Chrysanthaki 1992, 512). It is important to note that the best-preserved, early examples from Skala Sotiros were inter- preted as representations of hunters, warriors or venerated ancestors considering the belts and weapons they were portrayed with. Interest- ingly two figures are depicted holding what seem to be metal daggers while one has an axe or hammer attached to his belt (Fig. 10). As such, they provide further indirect proof for metal circulation and
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