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Table 3: Distribution of respondents based on socio-demographic characteristics Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.8.4.1 (Int. j. hortic. agric. food sci. https://aipublications.com/ijhaf/ Out of the respondents whose primary source of income was agriculture (67%), only 7% had a maximum income per- centage (76-100%). In the area, 29% of citrus growers had experience duration of 5-10 years, while the lowest percent- age 1.e., 12% had experience of 16-20 years. It is clear from the data that farmers were engaged in citrus cultivation for q lono duration the data that farmers were engaged in citrus cultivation for The ranking was done with the use of the indexing method. Scaling techniques provide the direction and ex- tremity attitude of the respondent towards any proposition used to construct the index. The intensity of response to pro- duction problems, marketing challenges, and support needed were identified by using the five-point scaling tech- nique for using scores of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8, 1.0 (i.e., least serious, little bit serious, moderate, serious, most serious), and similarly the score of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 (least, little bit, moderate, much, very much). The formula given below was used to find the index.

Table 3 Distribution of respondents based on socio-demographic characteristics Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.8.4.1 (Int. j. hortic. agric. food sci. https://aipublications.com/ijhaf/ Out of the respondents whose primary source of income was agriculture (67%), only 7% had a maximum income per- centage (76-100%). In the area, 29% of citrus growers had experience duration of 5-10 years, while the lowest percent- age 1.e., 12% had experience of 16-20 years. It is clear from the data that farmers were engaged in citrus cultivation for q lono duration the data that farmers were engaged in citrus cultivation for The ranking was done with the use of the indexing method. Scaling techniques provide the direction and ex- tremity attitude of the respondent towards any proposition used to construct the index. The intensity of response to pro- duction problems, marketing challenges, and support needed were identified by using the five-point scaling tech- nique for using scores of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8, 1.0 (i.e., least serious, little bit serious, moderate, serious, most serious), and similarly the score of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 (least, little bit, moderate, much, very much). The formula given below was used to find the index.

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Table 1. Comparative analysis of area, productive area, production, and yield of mandarin in Nepal 1.3 Mandarin Statistics: Trend Analysis
Table 1. Comparative analysis of area, productive area, production, and yield of mandarin in Nepal 1.3 Mandarin Statistics: Trend Analysis
Fig.1: Area, Productive Area, Production, and Yield of Mandarin in Nepal Source: Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (2022/2023)
Fig.1: Area, Productive Area, Production, and Yield of Mandarin in Nepal Source: Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (2022/2023)
Table 2: Comparative analysis of the area, productive area, and yield of mandarin in Gulmi
Table 2: Comparative analysis of the area, productive area, and yield of mandarin in Gulmi
Fig.2: Area, Production, Productivity, and Yield of Mandarin in Gulmi Source: Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (2022/2023)
Fig.2: Area, Production, Productivity, and Yield of Mandarin in Gulmi Source: Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (2022/2023)
Fig3. A conceptual framework for understanding the factors involved in post-harvest technology Because of the perishable nature of horticultural rops, processing of these crops is regarded as one of the Nepal has imported 1529472kg of citrus fruit (fresh or dried) in the last fiscal year of 2021/22 while ex- porting 50980kg in the same year (MoALD, 2023). This data clearly shows that the country lacks enough quantity of the citrus to be exported, rather it has to import a huge quan- tity of the fruit. This huge gap exists due to the ignorance of he government and researchers in the field of post-harvest oss in the mandarin industry in Nepal. Reducing post-har- vest losses can bring more food without requiring more area for production, and post-harvest horticulturists must work together with those involved in production to develop mar- keting strategies (Acharya et al., 2023). Minimizing post- harvest loss is very important to increase the availability of fruit and ensure food security, so this factor needs to be ad- dressed by the government and the researchers.
Fig3. A conceptual framework for understanding the factors involved in post-harvest technology Because of the perishable nature of horticultural rops, processing of these crops is regarded as one of the Nepal has imported 1529472kg of citrus fruit (fresh or dried) in the last fiscal year of 2021/22 while ex- porting 50980kg in the same year (MoALD, 2023). This data clearly shows that the country lacks enough quantity of the citrus to be exported, rather it has to import a huge quan- tity of the fruit. This huge gap exists due to the ignorance of he government and researchers in the field of post-harvest oss in the mandarin industry in Nepal. Reducing post-har- vest losses can bring more food without requiring more area for production, and post-harvest horticulturists must work together with those involved in production to develop mar- keting strategies (Acharya et al., 2023). Minimizing post- harvest loss is very important to increase the availability of fruit and ensure food security, so this factor needs to be ad- dressed by the government and the researchers.
which is declared a zone of Mandarin. The site exhibits cli- 3.2 Preliminary Survey size for the study will be determined using Yamane’s for- mula. Assuming a confidence level of 90%, and a margin of ie ae te ee 41 . 141 2 = ..
which is declared a zone of Mandarin. The site exhibits cli- 3.2 Preliminary Survey size for the study will be determined using Yamane’s for- mula. Assuming a confidence level of 90%, and a margin of ie ae te ee 41 . 141 2 = ..
Fig.5 Map of Gulmi showing the study area in 100 households. The survey will be carried out in Resunga Municipality and Dhurkot Rural Municipality.
Fig.5 Map of Gulmi showing the study area in 100 households. The survey will be carried out in Resunga Municipality and Dhurkot Rural Municipality.
International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) 8(4)-2024
International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) 8(4)-2024
Table 4: Farm characteristics of farmers involved in mandarin farming in Gulmi, 2024
Table 4: Farm characteristics of farmers involved in mandarin farming in Gulmi, 2024
Table 5: Production distribution of respondents growing Mandarin in Gulmi, 2024
Table 5: Production distribution of respondents growing Mandarin in Gulmi, 2024
Fig.5 Variety used by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 Among 100 respondents surveyed, 83% of people use local varieties of Mandarin, 4% people use improved varieties, and 13% people use both local and improved varieties. This illustrates that people were content with the results of the local variety they were using and were unwilling to employ improved variety because they were unaware of its advantages.
Fig.5 Variety used by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 Among 100 respondents surveyed, 83% of people use local varieties of Mandarin, 4% people use improved varieties, and 13% people use both local and improved varieties. This illustrates that people were content with the results of the local variety they were using and were unwilling to employ improved variety because they were unaware of its advantages.
Table 6: Harvesting time and criteria followed by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 Table 7: Distribution of respondents according to the use of modern harvesting equipment in Gulmi, 2024
Table 6: Harvesting time and criteria followed by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 Table 7: Distribution of respondents according to the use of modern harvesting equipment in Gulmi, 2024
Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.8.4.1 (Int. j. hortic. agric. food sci. https://aipublications.com/ijhaf/
Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.8.4.1 (Int. j. hortic. agric. food sci. https://aipublications.com/ijhaf/
International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF 8(4)-202 4.3.3 Harvesting method and techniques harvesting costs are lower (Sonkar et al., 1999). However, fruits with intact stalks are less likely to become infected with fungi while being stored (Purbiati & Supriyanto, 2013). Thus, clipping is preferable to hand-twisting since it can assist in picking fruit with a stalk.
International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF 8(4)-202 4.3.3 Harvesting method and techniques harvesting costs are lower (Sonkar et al., 1999). However, fruits with intact stalks are less likely to become infected with fungi while being stored (Purbiati & Supriyanto, 2013). Thus, clipping is preferable to hand-twisting since it can assist in picking fruit with a stalk.
Table 8: Harvesting methods followed by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 4.4 Post-harvest status were being used in very few numbers. Given that none of the respondents mentioned using the processing industry, and very few were using storage, we can conclude that the lack of storage and processing facilities were the main is- sues in the area.
Table 8: Harvesting methods followed by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 4.4 Post-harvest status were being used in very few numbers. Given that none of the respondents mentioned using the processing industry, and very few were using storage, we can conclude that the lack of storage and processing facilities were the main is- sues in the area.
Table 9: Activities performed after harvesting of the mandarin in Gulmi, 2024 Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.8.4.1 (Int. j. hortic. agric. food sci.} https://aipublications.com/ijhaf/ Among the respondents, 88% said they didn’t store their fruit because they sold it right away once it was harvested.
Table 9: Activities performed after harvesting of the mandarin in Gulmi, 2024 Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.8.4.1 (Int. j. hortic. agric. food sci.} https://aipublications.com/ijhaf/ Among the respondents, 88% said they didn’t store their fruit because they sold it right away once it was harvested.
fruits, and few were using only doko (10%). This shows that people preferred to use easily available materials for col- lecting their fruits in the study area. Fig.6 Pie-chart showing collecting materials used by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 Among different materials, most of the farmers 4.4.2 Collecting material
fruits, and few were using only doko (10%). This shows that people preferred to use easily available materials for col- lecting their fruits in the study area. Fig.6 Pie-chart showing collecting materials used by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 Among different materials, most of the farmers 4.4.2 Collecting material
International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) 8(4)-2024 Among different materials, most of the farmers re using both doko and plastic bags (46%) to collect
International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) 8(4)-2024 Among different materials, most of the farmers re using both doko and plastic bags (46%) to collect
Table 10: Distribution of respondents according to the sorting and grading technique in Gulmi, 2024 Farmers who were performing sorting operations were questioned about what they did with the sorted fruits. The findings showed that the majority of farmers kept the sorted fruits for personal consumption and distributed them to other families. Some farmers (24%) used them to make local wine and made additional small income, while 3% did nothing and left them in the orchard.
Table 10: Distribution of respondents according to the sorting and grading technique in Gulmi, 2024 Farmers who were performing sorting operations were questioned about what they did with the sorted fruits. The findings showed that the majority of farmers kept the sorted fruits for personal consumption and distributed them to other families. Some farmers (24%) used them to make local wine and made additional small income, while 3% did nothing and left them in the orchard.
Table 11: End use of sorted fruits followed by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 The following table shows that about half of the respondents (45%) surveyed sold their mandarins in regional and national markets through collectors and wholesalers as middlemen. Farmers did not have a contractual agreement with the middlemen, even though they were involved in the majority of Mandarin marketing in the research area. This had made the farmers vulnerable to the exploitation by the middlemen. Additionally, 52% of the respondents did not have access to market information. them in the orchard.
Table 11: End use of sorted fruits followed by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 The following table shows that about half of the respondents (45%) surveyed sold their mandarins in regional and national markets through collectors and wholesalers as middlemen. Farmers did not have a contractual agreement with the middlemen, even though they were involved in the majority of Mandarin marketing in the research area. This had made the farmers vulnerable to the exploitation by the middlemen. Additionally, 52% of the respondents did not have access to market information. them in the orchard.
Table 12: Mandarin marketing practices followed by Mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.8.4.1 (Int. j. hortic. agric. food sci.} https://aipublications.com/ijhaf/
Table 12: Mandarin marketing practices followed by Mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024 Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.8.4.1 (Int. j. hortic. agric. food sci.} https://aipublications.com/ijhaf/
International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) 8(4)-2024 4.4.5 Packaging materials 4.4.7 Barriers to the adoption of post-harvest technol- ogy Fig. 8 depicts the trend of using plastic crates as a means of mandarin packaging in the study area.
International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) 8(4)-2024 4.4.5 Packaging materials 4.4.7 Barriers to the adoption of post-harvest technol- ogy Fig. 8 depicts the trend of using plastic crates as a means of mandarin packaging in the study area.
Fig.7: Bar chart showing packaging materials used in Gulmi, 2024 International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) 8(4)-2024 Table 13: Post-harvest management technique adopted by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024
Fig.7: Bar chart showing packaging materials used in Gulmi, 2024 International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food Science (IJHAF) 8(4)-2024 Table 13: Post-harvest management technique adopted by mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024
Table 14: Barriers to the adoption of post-harvest technology among the mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024
Table 14: Barriers to the adoption of post-harvest technology among the mandarin farmers in Gulmi, 2024
maximum weightage number which gave the index value. The barriers were ranked by the obtained index value. Where P denotes the priority level of the production.
maximum weightage number which gave the index value. The barriers were ranked by the obtained index value. Where P denotes the priority level of the production.
Table 15: Losses incurred by the respondents in Gulmi a the beginning stage of marketing, 2024
Table 15: Losses incurred by the respondents in Gulmi a the beginning stage of marketing, 2024
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