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Fig. 3 System configuration of field-oriented PMSM  | Fig. 4 shows a direct torque controlled PMSM drive system.  In the late 1990's, DTC techniques for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) machines have appeared [4].  Estimation of the Torque and the flux Linkage

Figure 3 System configuration of field-oriented PMSM | Fig. 4 shows a direct torque controlled PMSM drive system. In the late 1990's, DTC techniques for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) machines have appeared [4]. Estimation of the Torque and the flux Linkage