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The continuation of life on a mound indicates that the mound's formation is not yet complete. Such mounds are referred to as “living mounds.” The type of construction on settlements located on mounds affects the mound differently, and these settlements face distinct conservation challenges. Therefore, it is suggested that these settlements be examined under separate headings and that different conservation approaches be employed for their preservation. Settlements on mounds can be classified into three groups based on the type of construction: settlements were often destroyed by various disasters and eventually covered by natural layers of soil. Frequently, new communities would settle on these ruins, or the original inhabitants wou d return and rebuild the city. The reasons for repeatedly settling in the same locations include the area's geographical features, climatic conditions, soil fertility, and availability of water. In the flat plains of Southeastern Anatolia, communities seeking safety or protection from rainwater often established their settlemen (Eres, 2013). s on mounds or sloped terrains for physical security

Figure 8 The continuation of life on a mound indicates that the mound's formation is not yet complete. Such mounds are referred to as “living mounds.” The type of construction on settlements located on mounds affects the mound differently, and these settlements face distinct conservation challenges. Therefore, it is suggested that these settlements be examined under separate headings and that different conservation approaches be employed for their preservation. Settlements on mounds can be classified into three groups based on the type of construction: settlements were often destroyed by various disasters and eventually covered by natural layers of soil. Frequently, new communities would settle on these ruins, or the original inhabitants wou d return and rebuild the city. The reasons for repeatedly settling in the same locations include the area's geographical features, climatic conditions, soil fertility, and availability of water. In the flat plains of Southeastern Anatolia, communities seeking safety or protection from rainwater often established their settlemen (Eres, 2013). s on mounds or sloped terrains for physical security

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In identifying the settlements, “urban conservation areas,” “historical-natural conservation areas,” and “archaeological conservation areas” registered by the Sanliurfa Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage were examined, with a focus on “archaeological conservation areas.” These areas were hen classified based on their locations into two categories: “rural areas” and “urban or district centers.” For the rural areas within the scope of this study, a Google Earth file provided by the Sanliurfa Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage and registration records from the directorate’s archives was used. Based on their settlement status, these areas were categorized into two groups: “settlement present” and “settlement absent.” Finally, archaeological sites with settlements on or near them were identified (Figure 3). The identification of settlemen Sanlrurfa Regional Directorate 2024. Applications are submit s was conducted based on data obtained from the for the Protection of Cultural Heritage on July 23. ed to the Sanliurfa Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage each month, and the number of these sites continue: to increase. According to the da a received from the Sanlrurfa Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage on July 23, 2024, there are 889 registerec conservation sites in Sanhurfa . Of these, 881 are classified as “archaeologica sites,” 6 as “urban conservation sites” and 2 as “‘historical-natural sites.”
In identifying the settlements, “urban conservation areas,” “historical-natural conservation areas,” and “archaeological conservation areas” registered by the Sanliurfa Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage were examined, with a focus on “archaeological conservation areas.” These areas were hen classified based on their locations into two categories: “rural areas” and “urban or district centers.” For the rural areas within the scope of this study, a Google Earth file provided by the Sanliurfa Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage and registration records from the directorate’s archives was used. Based on their settlement status, these areas were categorized into two groups: “settlement present” and “settlement absent.” Finally, archaeological sites with settlements on or near them were identified (Figure 3). The identification of settlemen Sanlrurfa Regional Directorate 2024. Applications are submit s was conducted based on data obtained from the for the Protection of Cultural Heritage on July 23. ed to the Sanliurfa Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage each month, and the number of these sites continue: to increase. According to the da a received from the Sanlrurfa Regional Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage on July 23, 2024, there are 889 registerec conservation sites in Sanhurfa . Of these, 881 are classified as “archaeologica sites,” 6 as “urban conservation sites” and 2 as “‘historical-natural sites.”
Figure 4. TurkStat, Urban-Rural Population Statistics, 2022
Figure 4. TurkStat, Urban-Rural Population Statistics, 2022
5.2. Classification of Rural Settlements Based on the Traceability of Archaeological Layers/Remains on the Surface Humanity has a very long history, and for the last 40,000 years, humans have lived almost everywhere on | Earth, leaving traces wherever they have settled. All of these traces serve as data for science and provide insights for understanding the history of civilization. Some o f these traces, such as ruins and monumental structures, are easily recognizable even to an untrained eye, while others, like mounds (héyiiks) and tumuli, appear as natural elevations in the terrain unless excavated and can only be distinguished from natural formations by experts in the field. Some remains are buried beneath currently inhabited cities and villages, often unnoticed by their residents. Another significant portion consists of flat settlements or cemetery areas that have survived to the present day (Ozdogan, 2011).
5.2. Classification of Rural Settlements Based on the Traceability of Archaeological Layers/Remains on the Surface Humanity has a very long history, and for the last 40,000 years, humans have lived almost everywhere on | Earth, leaving traces wherever they have settled. All of these traces serve as data for science and provide insights for understanding the history of civilization. Some o f these traces, such as ruins and monumental structures, are easily recognizable even to an untrained eye, while others, like mounds (héyiiks) and tumuli, appear as natural elevations in the terrain unless excavated and can only be distinguished from natural formations by experts in the field. Some remains are buried beneath currently inhabited cities and villages, often unnoticed by their residents. Another significant portion consists of flat settlements or cemetery areas that have survived to the present day (Ozdogan, 2011).
b. Modern buildings located to the west of Varlialan (Telganem) Mound Settlements where structures are built using contemporary construction materials are classified under the category of “modern settlements as the last layer of the mound.” The inability of traditional structures to meet the needs of people in line with changing living conditions brought about by modern life has been the primary factor driving people towards modern buildings constructed with contemporary materials. Over time, people abandoned traditional structures or repurposed them as barns, storage facilities, etc. and built new structures with modern materials near these traditional ones. In some cases, traditional structures were entirely demolished and replaced with new buildings. Among the areas surveyed, Kazane Mound (Haliliye District), Tilmen Mound (Karak6prii District), Kiipliice Mound (Harran District), settlemen C and Varlialan (Telganem) Mound (Harran District) are examples of s where modern structures are present as the final layer of the mound (Figure 10). Based on the reviewed registration records and field studies, it has been observed Statuses, hat, despite having first and second-degree archaeological conservation he number of modern structures on mounds in Sanliurfa is rapidly increasing due to insufficient oversight. increasing due to insufficient oversight.
b. Modern buildings located to the west of Varlialan (Telganem) Mound Settlements where structures are built using contemporary construction materials are classified under the category of “modern settlements as the last layer of the mound.” The inability of traditional structures to meet the needs of people in line with changing living conditions brought about by modern life has been the primary factor driving people towards modern buildings constructed with contemporary materials. Over time, people abandoned traditional structures or repurposed them as barns, storage facilities, etc. and built new structures with modern materials near these traditional ones. In some cases, traditional structures were entirely demolished and replaced with new buildings. Among the areas surveyed, Kazane Mound (Haliliye District), Tilmen Mound (Karak6prii District), Kiipliice Mound (Harran District), settlemen C and Varlialan (Telganem) Mound (Harran District) are examples of s where modern structures are present as the final layer of the mound (Figure 10). Based on the reviewed registration records and field studies, it has been observed Statuses, hat, despite having first and second-degree archaeological conservation he number of modern structures on mounds in Sanliurfa is rapidly increasing due to insufficient oversight. increasing due to insufficient oversight.
c. Modern buildings on the western skirts of Kazane Mound Figure 10. Examples of modern settlements as the last layer of mounds in Sanliurfa (Ciftci, 2023 Settlements where buildings are built using traditional construction materials and echniques are classified under the category of “traditional settlements as the last layer of the mounds.” In the areas surveyed during fieldwork, no settlements were found where only traditional structures exist on the mounds. Research conducted in Harran District, where the highest number of mounds is located, revealed that many areas previously featuring traditional settlements on mounds have transformed over ime into mixed or modern settlements (Figure 11).
c. Modern buildings on the western skirts of Kazane Mound Figure 10. Examples of modern settlements as the last layer of mounds in Sanliurfa (Ciftci, 2023 Settlements where buildings are built using traditional construction materials and echniques are classified under the category of “traditional settlements as the last layer of the mounds.” In the areas surveyed during fieldwork, no settlements were found where only traditional structures exist on the mounds. Research conducted in Harran District, where the highest number of mounds is located, revealed that many areas previously featuring traditional settlements on mounds have transformed over ime into mixed or modern settlements (Figure 11).
The question of w heritage that requires preservation has been a subject of interdisciplinary debate. Some archaeologis to allow the mounds to be excavated for research purposes. On the other hand, many architects believe t rural architectural hether traditional settlements on mounds constitute a cultura s argue that the settlements on the mounds should be removed hat traditional rural settlements should be preserved as part of heritage. The issue of whether traditional rural settlements
The question of w heritage that requires preservation has been a subject of interdisciplinary debate. Some archaeologis to allow the mounds to be excavated for research purposes. On the other hand, many architects believe t rural architectural hether traditional settlements on mounds constitute a cultura s argue that the settlements on the mounds should be removed hat traditional rural settlements should be preserved as part of heritage. The issue of whether traditional rural settlements
Figure 12. Examples of mixed settlements as the last layer of a mound with a high density of traditional buildings in Sanliurfa/ Anda¢ (Hora) Mound/ Harran District (Ciftci, 2023) Settlements where both traditional and modern building are located on the mound are classified as “mixed (traditional + modern) settlements as the last layer of the mounds.” In some of these settlements, the density of traditional structures is higher (Figure 12), while in others, the number of buildings constructed with contemporary materials is greater (Figure 13).
Figure 12. Examples of mixed settlements as the last layer of a mound with a high density of traditional buildings in Sanliurfa/ Anda¢ (Hora) Mound/ Harran District (Ciftci, 2023) Settlements where both traditional and modern building are located on the mound are classified as “mixed (traditional + modern) settlements as the last layer of the mounds.” In some of these settlements, the density of traditional structures is higher (Figure 12), while in others, the number of buildings constructed with contemporary materials is greater (Figure 13).
Figure 13. Examples of mixed settlements as the last layer of a mound with a high density | of modern buildings in Sanliurfa/ Sultantepe Mound/ Eyyiibiye District (Cift¢i, 2023)
Figure 13. Examples of mixed settlements as the last layer of a mound with a high density | of modern buildings in Sanliurfa/ Sultantepe Mound/ Eyyiibiye District (Cift¢i, 2023)
b. Kékenli Settlement / Harran District Settlements where the structures are built with contemporary materials are classified as “modern rural and archaeological settlements.” Examples of modern rural and archaeological settlements from the areas surveyed Alanli Late Roman Settlement Area (Karaképrii District), include the Buyiik Kokenli Settlement (Harran District), and Asagikarincali Necropolis (Surug District) (Figure 14). In some modern rural and archaeological settlements with dense development, it has peen determined that almost all of the archaeological remains are buried beneath the present-day settlement.
b. Kékenli Settlement / Harran District Settlements where the structures are built with contemporary materials are classified as “modern rural and archaeological settlements.” Examples of modern rural and archaeological settlements from the areas surveyed Alanli Late Roman Settlement Area (Karaképrii District), include the Buyiik Kokenli Settlement (Harran District), and Asagikarincali Necropolis (Surug District) (Figure 14). In some modern rural and archaeological settlements with dense development, it has peen determined that almost all of the archaeological remains are buried beneath the present-day settlement.
c. Asagikarincali Necropolis/ Surug District Figure 14. Examples of modern rural and archaeological settlements in Sanliurfa (Ciftgi, 2023) Settlements where the structures are made using traditional construction materials and techniques, located on or adjacent to archaeological sites, are classified as “traditional rural and archaeological settlements” (Figure 15). In the research conducted across Sanliurfa province, very few settlements have been found that maintain their traditional fabric. The archival research, including the examination of old photographs of the settlements, reveals that while the settlements typically had a traditional structure in the past, today many of these settlements have seen their traditional fabric damaged and replaced with modern developments.
c. Asagikarincali Necropolis/ Surug District Figure 14. Examples of modern rural and archaeological settlements in Sanliurfa (Ciftgi, 2023) Settlements where the structures are made using traditional construction materials and techniques, located on or adjacent to archaeological sites, are classified as “traditional rural and archaeological settlements” (Figure 15). In the research conducted across Sanliurfa province, very few settlements have been found that maintain their traditional fabric. The archival research, including the examination of old photographs of the settlements, reveals that while the settlements typically had a traditional structure in the past, today many of these settlements have seen their traditional fabric damaged and replaced with modern developments.
2022)- Bazda Caves Ancient Stone Quarry/ Harran District
2022)- Bazda Caves Ancient Stone Quarry/ Harran District
b. Han-El Barur Caravanserai and Surroundings/ Harran District (Ciftci, 2022) Figure 16. Examples of Mixed Rural Archaeological Settlements with High Traditional Building Density in Sanliurfa (Ciftci, 2023)
b. Han-El Barur Caravanserai and Surroundings/ Harran District (Ciftci, 2022) Figure 16. Examples of Mixed Rural Archaeological Settlements with High Traditional Building Density in Sanliurfa (Ciftci, 2023)
Db. Harran Walled Area/ Harran District Figure 17. Examples of Mixed Rural Archaeological Settlements with High Modern Building Density in Sanliurfa (Ciftgi, 2023)
Db. Harran Walled Area/ Harran District Figure 17. Examples of Mixed Rural Archaeological Settlements with High Modern Building Density in Sanliurfa (Ciftgi, 2023)
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