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2.4. Soil sampling Fig. 3. Macrophyte species planted in experimental Wetland 1 (W 1) in May 1994. Mudflat was designation used for shallow slightly sloping convex portion of experimental wetlands where the most diversity of plants were introduced. Graphic shows survival of indi- vidual plants, as marked by flagging, in June and August 1994 and August 1995. Soils have been comprehensively analyzed for color and organic content on three occasions: 1993 (prior to flooding); 1995 (17 months after flooding began), and in 2003 (approximately 10 years after construc- tion). Surface soils were sampled using a 10-m grid the wetlands after they were field markers were established at each grid point that allowed for direct compar- collected between years. At system established for constructed. Permanent isons of soil samples each grid point, a sam face (0-8 cm depth) and A total of 102 wetland ple was co soil samp and analyzed in 1993 and 1995 ( 1996), and a total of subsurface (8-16 cm depth). lected at the sur- es were collected aim and Mitsch, 66 in 2003. Soil color was determined at multiple sites in each wetland basin by comparing soil color to a stand ard Munsell color

Figure 3 2.4. Soil sampling Fig. 3. Macrophyte species planted in experimental Wetland 1 (W 1) in May 1994. Mudflat was designation used for shallow slightly sloping convex portion of experimental wetlands where the most diversity of plants were introduced. Graphic shows survival of indi- vidual plants, as marked by flagging, in June and August 1994 and August 1995. Soils have been comprehensively analyzed for color and organic content on three occasions: 1993 (prior to flooding); 1995 (17 months after flooding began), and in 2003 (approximately 10 years after construc- tion). Surface soils were sampled using a 10-m grid the wetlands after they were field markers were established at each grid point that allowed for direct compar- collected between years. At system established for constructed. Permanent isons of soil samples each grid point, a sam face (0-8 cm depth) and A total of 102 wetland ple was co soil samp and analyzed in 1993 and 1995 ( 1996), and a total of subsurface (8-16 cm depth). lected at the sur- es were collected aim and Mitsch, 66 in 2003. Soil color was determined at multiple sites in each wetland basin by comparing soil color to a stand ard Munsell color

Related Figures (16)

Fig. 1. Fourpossible outcomes of propagule introduction (e.g., plant- ing of macrophytes) in newly created wetlands. Pathways 1 and 2 lead to healthy wetlands; Pathways 3 and 4 lead to a failed ecosystem state.
Fig. 1. Fourpossible outcomes of propagule introduction (e.g., plant- ing of macrophytes) in newly created wetlands. Pathways 1 and 2 lead to healthy wetlands; Pathways 3 and 4 lead to a failed ecosystem state.
Fig. 2. Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at Ohio State University, showing two experimental wetlands used forlong-term whole-ecosysten study described in this proposal.
Fig. 2. Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at Ohio State University, showing two experimental wetlands used forlong-term whole-ecosysten study described in this proposal.
Fig. 4. Pattern of pumped inflow to the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands, 1994-2003. phy taken at the period of peak biomass (late A ugust), coupled with ground truth surveys. Ground surveys involved mapping plant communities along 500m of seven transects in each wetland. Transects are on per- manent walkways that are about 1.5 m above the wet- land, thus giving a good perspective even with 3-m tall plants. A 10m x 10m grid system marked with per. manent numbered PVC poles is used to identify the location of plant communities in each wetland. Vege- tation community maps for each year are normalized
Fig. 4. Pattern of pumped inflow to the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands, 1994-2003. phy taken at the period of peak biomass (late A ugust), coupled with ground truth surveys. Ground surveys involved mapping plant communities along 500m of seven transects in each wetland. Transects are on per- manent walkways that are about 1.5 m above the wet- land, thus giving a good perspective even with 3-m tall plants. A 10m x 10m grid system marked with per. manent numbered PVC poles is used to identify the location of plant communities in each wetland. Vege- tation community maps for each year are normalized
Fig. 5. Vegetation community cover in the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands at Olentangy Rive Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003.
Fig. 5. Vegetation community cover in the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands at Olentangy Rive Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003.
Macrophyte net aboveground primary productivity (NA PP), as estimated by peak aboveground biomass in August each year, decreased in both wetlands in 2003 compared to similar plot readings in 2002 (Fig. 8a). When paired sites were compared between the two wetlands (16 sites were paired in 2003) macrophyte aboveground biomass was statistically higher in the planted Wetland 1 than in the naturally colonized Wet- Fig. 6. Typha and other macrophyte community cover in the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands at Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003. Episodes of high muskrat herbivory in 2000 and 2001 are also indi- cated.
Macrophyte net aboveground primary productivity (NA PP), as estimated by peak aboveground biomass in August each year, decreased in both wetlands in 2003 compared to similar plot readings in 2002 (Fig. 8a). When paired sites were compared between the two wetlands (16 sites were paired in 2003) macrophyte aboveground biomass was statistically higher in the planted Wetland 1 than in the naturally colonized Wet- Fig. 6. Typha and other macrophyte community cover in the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands at Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003. Episodes of high muskrat herbivory in 2000 and 2001 are also indi- cated.
Fig. 8. Indicators of macrophyte productivity in the planted (Wet- land 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands, 1997-2003: (a) peak aboveground biomass in vegetation zones and (b) cumulative organic matter production, kilograms per year in each experimental wetland basin. Fig. 7. Macrophyte diversity in the planted (Wetland 1) and nat- urally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands at Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003. CDI stands for commu- nity diversity index, which is defined in the text.
Fig. 8. Indicators of macrophyte productivity in the planted (Wet- land 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands, 1997-2003: (a) peak aboveground biomass in vegetation zones and (b) cumulative organic matter production, kilograms per year in each experimental wetland basin. Fig. 7. Macrophyte diversity in the planted (Wetland 1) and nat- urally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands at Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003. CDI stands for commu- nity diversity index, which is defined in the text.
Fig. 9. Experimental wetlands soil data pooled for both experimental wetlands: (a) percent organic matter in 1993, 1995, and 2003, and (b) percent of soil samples that exhibited chroma values of 2 or less in 1993, 1995, and 2003. Soil data indicated as 2003 were collected between December 2002 and March 2003.
Fig. 9. Experimental wetlands soil data pooled for both experimental wetlands: (a) percent organic matter in 1993, 1995, and 2003, and (b) percent of soil samples that exhibited chroma values of 2 or less in 1993, 1995, and 2003. Soil data indicated as 2003 were collected between December 2002 and March 2003.
Fig. 10. General pattern of surface soil color change, as indicated on a Munsell Color Chart, averaged for both experimental wetlands at Olentangy River Wetland Research Park from 1993 (prior to wetland basin flooding) to 2002. Note that the soil chroma decreased to values of 2 or less after 1996, or 2 years after the basins were flooded.
Fig. 10. General pattern of surface soil color change, as indicated on a Munsell Color Chart, averaged for both experimental wetlands at Olentangy River Wetland Research Park from 1993 (prior to wetland basin flooding) to 2002. Note that the soil chroma decreased to values of 2 or less after 1996, or 2 years after the basins were flooded.
Fig. 11. Percent changes from inflow to outflow of water quality parameters in the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2 experimental wetlands at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003 for: (a) water temperature, (b) dissolved oxygen, (c) pH, (d conductivity, (e) turbidity, and (f) redox potential.
Fig. 11. Percent changes from inflow to outflow of water quality parameters in the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2 experimental wetlands at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003 for: (a) water temperature, (b) dissolved oxygen, (c) pH, (d conductivity, (e) turbidity, and (f) redox potential.
Fig. 12. Percent changes from inflow to outflow in the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003 for: (a) nitrate + nitrite-nitrogen; (b) soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP); (c) total phosphorus (TP).
Fig. 12. Percent changes from inflow to outflow in the planted (Wetland 1) and naturally colonizing (Wetland 2) experimental wetlands at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, 1994-2003 for: (a) nitrate + nitrite-nitrogen; (b) soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP); (c) total phosphorus (TP).
Effects of flood pulsing on water quality in the experimental wetlands in 2003
Effects of flood pulsing on water quality in the experimental wetlands in 2003
Fig. 13. Average (+S.E.) of methane flux for plots pooled for both experimental wetlands containing emergent vegetation, when inun- dated vs. when they were exposed, in 2004 growing season (A pril 25-September 29, 2004). Methane flux from permanently- inundated areas is shown for comparison.
Fig. 13. Average (+S.E.) of methane flux for plots pooled for both experimental wetlands containing emergent vegetation, when inun- dated vs. when they were exposed, in 2004 growing season (A pril 25-September 29, 2004). Methane flux from permanently- inundated areas is shown for comparison.
Fig. 14. Average (+S.E.) of N20 flux pooled for both experimental wetlands during flooding and non-flooding periods from June 2003 through December 2004. Marsh refers to areas normally flooded; edge refers to areas that are flooded seasonally with flood pulses; T-upl refers to uplands that are rarely flooded. had low productivity. Seven years of productivity data for each of the two wetlands (14 wetland-years) pro- vides results that are not as obvious (Fig. 15). Data from the planted wetland W1, which has never been dominated by one species, appears to have a pattern of highest productivity at a mid-level of community diver. sity; inclusion of productivity and diversity data from the Typha- dominated wetland W 2 does not fit the same pattern.
Fig. 14. Average (+S.E.) of N20 flux pooled for both experimental wetlands during flooding and non-flooding periods from June 2003 through December 2004. Marsh refers to areas normally flooded; edge refers to areas that are flooded seasonally with flood pulses; T-upl refers to uplands that are rarely flooded. had low productivity. Seven years of productivity data for each of the two wetlands (14 wetland-years) pro- vides results that are not as obvious (Fig. 15). Data from the planted wetland W1, which has never been dominated by one species, appears to have a pattern of highest productivity at a mid-level of community diver. sity; inclusion of productivity and diversity data from the Typha- dominated wetland W 2 does not fit the same pattern.
Fig. 15. Net aboveground primary productivity, estimated from aboveground biomass, as a function of community diversity index (CDI) for experimental wetlands, 1997-2003.
Fig. 15. Net aboveground primary productivity, estimated from aboveground biomass, as a function of community diversity index (CDI) for experimental wetlands, 1997-2003.
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EngineeringEcological EngineeringEarth SciencesEcological SuccessionTotal PhosphorusWetland Restoration
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