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Fig. 13 Indicative blades of a model Turgo turbine with optimiszed shape [15].

Figure 13 Indicative blades of a model Turgo turbine with optimiszed shape [15].

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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Fig. 3 Design of a typical Turgo runner: front — inlet side (left); back — outlet side (right) [2]. Fig. 2 Typical configuration of a twin jet Turgo turbine (plan view) [2]
Fig. 3 Design of a typical Turgo runner: front — inlet side (left); back — outlet side (right) [2]. Fig. 2 Typical configuration of a twin jet Turgo turbine (plan view) [2]
the water and minimise outlet energy (Fig. 3).
the water and minimise outlet energy (Fig. 3).
Fig. 4 Typical single-jet Turgo turbine installation, with inlet pipe under the powerhouse floor [2]
Fig. 4 Typical single-jet Turgo turbine installation, with inlet pipe under the powerhouse floor [2]
Fig. 5 Axial flow Girard turbine [6].
Fig. 5 Axial flow Girard turbine [6].
Fig. 7 Test results from 1920 Crewdson Turgo design carried out at Afon Calettwr [5]. angle to be courser than the exit angle of the blade [5 2.2 Further Develepmentdevelopment 2.2.1 Gilkes Researeh-research and Developmenidevelopment
Fig. 7 Test results from 1920 Crewdson Turgo design carried out at Afon Calettwr [5]. angle to be courser than the exit angle of the blade [5 2.2 Further Develepmentdevelopment 2.2.1 Gilkes Researeh-research and Developmenidevelopment
Fig. 9 Efficiency and output for a 24 in. mean diameter Turgo under a head of 750 ft [7] 2.2.2 Independent research and development
Fig. 9 Efficiency and output for a 24 in. mean diameter Turgo under a head of 750 ft [7] 2.2.2 Independent research and development
Fig. 8 The 1936 modified Turgo design, showing the shifted point of impact between the jet and the runner.
Fig. 8 The 1936 modified Turgo design, showing the shifted point of impact between the jet and the runner.
Fig. 12 Flow simulation in Turgo runners using CFD tools: left [2], and right [15].
Fig. 12 Flow simulation in Turgo runners using CFD tools: left [2], and right [15].
Fig. 11 Turgo turbine blades for micro hydropower [14].
Fig. 11 Turgo turbine blades for micro hydropower [14].
Fig. 15 Turgo turbine laboratory tests : Model turbine set up (left), and jet-runner interaction (right — cups are marked by dotted lines) [17].
Fig. 15 Turgo turbine laboratory tests : Model turbine set up (left), and jet-runner interaction (right — cups are marked by dotted lines) [17].
Fig. 17 Turgo runner picture and dimensions in the experiments of Khurana et al. [19,21].
Fig. 17 Turgo runner picture and dimensions in the experiments of Khurana et al. [19,21].
Fig. 16 Comparison of the commercially available (black) and the redesigned (white) Turgo runner [17].
Fig. 16 Comparison of the commercially available (black) and the redesigned (white) Turgo runner [17].
mechanical design of the turbine is simplified: the nozzles/expanders have fixed diameters and the runner blades are 2D shaped buckets transformed into 3D. The flow is treated as periodic and a single blade passage is modelled. The numeri ised to improve the design of the runner, by optimiszing the number of buckets, the pitch diameter of the runner, and the inlet—outlet angles of the bucket, while the full structure is also analysed mechanically. The attainable efficiency of the obtair ymputed at 40%, which, although quite low due to the simplistic hydrodynamic shape of the buckets, would increase the total refrigeration power of the considered cycle by 0.8% [24]. 3.2 Small-medium scale Turgo turbines
mechanical design of the turbine is simplified: the nozzles/expanders have fixed diameters and the runner blades are 2D shaped buckets transformed into 3D. The flow is treated as periodic and a single blade passage is modelled. The numeri ised to improve the design of the runner, by optimiszing the number of buckets, the pitch diameter of the runner, and the inlet—outlet angles of the bucket, while the full structure is also analysed mechanically. The attainable efficiency of the obtair ymputed at 40%, which, although quite low due to the simplistic hydrodynamic shape of the buckets, would increase the total refrigeration power of the considered cycle by 0.8% [24]. 3.2 Small-medium scale Turgo turbines
Fig. 18 Turgo runner made of tablespoons (left) and its operation (right) [23].
Fig. 18 Turgo runner made of tablespoons (left) and its operation (right) [23].
Fig. 22 Manufacture of the model Turgo runner (left) and installation in the Lab (right), [26].
Fig. 22 Manufacture of the model Turgo runner (left) and installation in the Lab (right), [26].
Fig. 20 Parametric design of Turgo runner (left) and flow modelling snapshots (right), [25].
Fig. 20 Parametric design of Turgo runner (left) and flow modelling snapshots (right), [25].
Fig. 24 Pressure coefficient distribution on the inner surface of a static blade obtained by SPH (left) and Fluent-VOF (right) [27].
Fig. 24 Pressure coefficient distribution on the inner surface of a static blade obtained by SPH (left) and Fluent-VOF (right) [27].
Fig. 26 Flow comparison between SPH and ANSYS Fluent results [28].
Fig. 26 Flow comparison between SPH and ANSYS Fluent results [28].
Fig. 28 Turgo blade and runner created by the analytic approximation method of [29]. it cannot be used for the design of runner blades in Turgo turbines.
Fig. 28 Turgo blade and runner created by the analytic approximation method of [29]. it cannot be used for the design of runner blades in Turgo turbines.
Fig. 29 Flow streamlines in the Turgo runner as computed by Correa et al. [30]. nulti-phase flow, with more accurate calculations of torque and efficiency
Fig. 29 Flow streamlines in the Turgo runner as computed by Correa et al. [30]. nulti-phase flow, with more accurate calculations of torque and efficiency
Fig. 30 Parametric design of blade shape and surface mesh structure [31,32].
Fig. 30 Parametric design of blade shape and surface mesh structure [31,32].
Fig. 32 Indicative CFD results for the flow in a Turgo turbine runner: Pressure profiles (left); velocity profiles (right) [31]. Fig. 31 Computational domain and mesh (left), and detailed view at the blades trailing edge region [31,32].
Fig. 32 Indicative CFD results for the flow in a Turgo turbine runner: Pressure profiles (left); velocity profiles (right) [31]. Fig. 31 Computational domain and mesh (left), and detailed view at the blades trailing edge region [31,32].
Table 1 Summary of research carried out on Turgo turbines by research area. From the present review it becomes clear that all the above topics require the implementation of modern and powerful flow simulation and optimiszation tools, along with the conduction of laboratory measurements at specifica d test rigs for validation. The above computational and experimental facilities are available only in a few academic and research institutions, therefore, collaboration of the small and medium Turgo turbine manufacturers with them is site for further development of Turgo turbines.
Table 1 Summary of research carried out on Turgo turbines by research area. From the present review it becomes clear that all the above topics require the implementation of modern and powerful flow simulation and optimiszation tools, along with the conduction of laboratory measurements at specifica d test rigs for validation. The above computational and experimental facilities are available only in a few academic and research institutions, therefore, collaboration of the small and medium Turgo turbine manufacturers with them is site for further development of Turgo turbines.
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