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The index of refraction is calculated by dividing the speed of light in a vacuum by the speed of light in another medium, as shown in the following formula:

Figure 3 The index of refraction is calculated by dividing the speed of light in a vacuum by the speed of light in another medium, as shown in the following formula:

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The field of Optical Communication depends upon the total internal reflection of light rays traveling through tiny optical fibers. The fibers inside the optical fiber are quite small and when the light is introduced into the fiber, it will continue to reflect almost losslessly off the walls of the fiber and in this way it can travel long distances in the fiber. This phenomenon can be seen in figure 3.1. Another aspect according to the laws of physics in optical communication is fiber-optic imaging. This technique uses the fact that the light when introduced inside the fiber optic will be transmitted to the other end of the fiber. Each single fiber act as a light pipe. If the arrangement of the fiber in the bundle is kept constant, the transmitted light from one end of the fiber results in a mosaic image on the other side. The total internal reflection can be calculated as qc = cos—1 (n2/n1) where n1 is the refractive index of the core and n2 is the refractive index of the cladder as seen in figure 3.2
The field of Optical Communication depends upon the total internal reflection of light rays traveling through tiny optical fibers. The fibers inside the optical fiber are quite small and when the light is introduced into the fiber, it will continue to reflect almost losslessly off the walls of the fiber and in this way it can travel long distances in the fiber. This phenomenon can be seen in figure 3.1. Another aspect according to the laws of physics in optical communication is fiber-optic imaging. This technique uses the fact that the light when introduced inside the fiber optic will be transmitted to the other end of the fiber. Each single fiber act as a light pipe. If the arrangement of the fiber in the bundle is kept constant, the transmitted light from one end of the fiber results in a mosaic image on the other side. The total internal reflection can be calculated as qc = cos—1 (n2/n1) where n1 is the refractive index of the core and n2 is the refractive index of the cladder as seen in figure 3.2
Figure 3.3 Total Internal Reflection
Figure 3.3 Total Internal Reflection
From a three-dimensional perspective, to ensure that the signals reflect and travel correctly through the core, the light must enter the core through an acceptance cone derived by rotating the acceptance angle about the cylindrical fiber axis. As illustrated in Figure 3.4, the size of the acceptance cone is a function of the refractive index difference between the core and the cladding. There is a maximum angle from the fiber axis at which light can enter the fiber so that it will propagate, or travel, in the core of the fiber. The sine of this maximum angle is the NA of the fiber. The NA in the preceding example is 0.787. Fiber with a larger NA requires less precision to splice and work with than fiber with a smaller NA. Single-mode fiber has a smaller NA than MMF.
From a three-dimensional perspective, to ensure that the signals reflect and travel correctly through the core, the light must enter the core through an acceptance cone derived by rotating the acceptance angle about the cylindrical fiber axis. As illustrated in Figure 3.4, the size of the acceptance cone is a function of the refractive index difference between the core and the cladding. There is a maximum angle from the fiber axis at which light can enter the fiber so that it will propagate, or travel, in the core of the fiber. The sine of this maximum angle is the NA of the fiber. The NA in the preceding example is 0.787. Fiber with a larger NA requires less precision to splice and work with than fiber with a smaller NA. Single-mode fiber has a smaller NA than MMF.
Figure 4.3: The dispersion of waves in optics.
Figure 4.3: The dispersion of waves in optics.
RN Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is another complex optical effect that can occur in single-mode yptical fibers. Single-mode fibers support two perpendicular polarizations of the original transmitted signal. If be completely round and free from all stresses, both polarization modes would propagate at >xactly the same speed, resulting in zero PMD. However, practical fibers are not perfect; thus, the two yerpendicular polarizations may travel at different speeds and, consequently, arrive at the end of the fiber it different times. Figure 4.5 illustrates this condition. The fiber is said to have a fast axis, and a slow axis. The difference in arrival times, normalized with length, is known as PMD (ps/km0.5). Excessive levels of PMD, combined with laser chirp and chromatic dispersion, can produce time-varying composite second order
RN Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is another complex optical effect that can occur in single-mode yptical fibers. Single-mode fibers support two perpendicular polarizations of the original transmitted signal. If be completely round and free from all stresses, both polarization modes would propagate at >xactly the same speed, resulting in zero PMD. However, practical fibers are not perfect; thus, the two yerpendicular polarizations may travel at different speeds and, consequently, arrive at the end of the fiber it different times. Figure 4.5 illustrates this condition. The fiber is said to have a fast axis, and a slow axis. The difference in arrival times, normalized with length, is known as PMD (ps/km0.5). Excessive levels of PMD, combined with laser chirp and chromatic dispersion, can produce time-varying composite second order
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Computer ScienceCommunicationOptical Fiber CommunicationsFiber Optics
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