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Fig. 11. Selected Mediterranean deltas, rivers and cities with major Roman and Medieval occupation.

Figure 11 Selected Mediterranean deltas, rivers and cities with major Roman and Medieval occupation.

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Fig. 1. Location of the study area (box): a. in the central part of the Netherlands, b. near the city of Utrecht along the river Kromme Rijn — Oude Rijn (box); shaded area is the Roma province Germania Inferior at end of the first century AD. The abandonment phase ‘is well registered in the preserved meander morphology of the last stages of activity as well as in the
Fig. 1. Location of the study area (box): a. in the central part of the Netherlands, b. near the city of Utrecht along the river Kromme Rijn — Oude Rijn (box); shaded area is the Roma province Germania Inferior at end of the first century AD. The abandonment phase ‘is well registered in the preserved meander morphology of the last stages of activity as well as in the
Fig. 2. The palaeogeographical situation between Wijk bij Duurstede and Woerden during the Roman and Medieval periods (source data: Cohen et al. (2012a, b). Older alluvial systems are indicated in lighter colour tones. The box indicates the study area (Fig. 4).
Fig. 2. The palaeogeographical situation between Wijk bij Duurstede and Woerden during the Roman and Medieval periods (source data: Cohen et al. (2012a, b). Older alluvial systems are indicated in lighter colour tones. The box indicates the study area (Fig. 4).
Standard subdivision of the Roman and Medieval periods in the Netherlands (Anonymous, 1992); * = dynasty period. Italics are sub group of early Medieval Periodable.
Standard subdivision of the Roman and Medieval periods in the Netherlands (Anonymous, 1992); * = dynasty period. Italics are sub group of early Medieval Periodable.
Flow Velocities and Discharge of the river Rhine near the Dutch-German border in 1790 and 1792 (after Hesselink et al., 2006: cross section river Boven Rijn - a,A). * = bankfull discharge. the palaeo-discharge of the channels during the abandonment phase were reconstructed (Section 3.3). The reconstruction of the interaction between landscape development (river activity) and human occupation during the abandonment phase was based on the reconstruction of settlement history of the area (Section 3.4).
Flow Velocities and Discharge of the river Rhine near the Dutch-German border in 1790 and 1792 (after Hesselink et al., 2006: cross section river Boven Rijn - a,A). * = bankfull discharge. the palaeo-discharge of the channels during the abandonment phase were reconstructed (Section 3.3). The reconstruction of the interaction between landscape development (river activity) and human occupation during the abandonment phase was based on the reconstruction of settlement history of the area (Section 3.4).
Results of '4C-dates in the study area. For location and references see Fig. 4 and the local data Appendix Part A. The OxCal programme v4.2 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) and the IntCal13 calibration dataset (Reimer et al., 2013) were used to acquire the ages BC/AD.
Results of '4C-dates in the study area. For location and references see Fig. 4 and the local data Appendix Part A. The OxCal programme v4.2 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) and the IntCal13 calibration dataset (Reimer et al., 2013) were used to acquire the ages BC/AD.
Results of OSL-dated samples in the study area. Sample 08 is based on single grain analysis. For locations see Fig. 4 and the local data Appendix. Table 4
Results of OSL-dated samples in the study area. Sample 08 is based on single grain analysis. For locations see Fig. 4 and the local data Appendix. Table 4
* Active channel.
* Active channel.
Fig. 4. Geomorphological map of the study area. a. with location of cross-sections (Fig. 5c), used for the reconstruction of river channels (capitalised labels corresponding to Table 5), directly observed residual channels, and indirect observations of these channels as curved ditches, roads and waterways. Detailed maps for the medieval city subarea are found in the Appendix (Part A, Fig. A4). b. with locations of archaeological excavations and surveys (centre coordinates), '4C and OSL sample sites. More detailed maps are part of the Appendix (Part A, Figs. Al—3).
Fig. 4. Geomorphological map of the study area. a. with location of cross-sections (Fig. 5c), used for the reconstruction of river channels (capitalised labels corresponding to Table 5), directly observed residual channels, and indirect observations of these channels as curved ditches, roads and waterways. Detailed maps for the medieval city subarea are found in the Appendix (Part A, Fig. A4). b. with locations of archaeological excavations and surveys (centre coordinates), '4C and OSL sample sites. More detailed maps are part of the Appendix (Part A, Figs. Al—3).
Fig. 5. a. and b. Schematic cross-section showing method of reconstruction of channel dimensions; c. Selection of cross-sections (capitalised labels corresponding to Table 5), ordered east to west and from Roman to Medieval period, showing dimensions of the river channels in time and space. For locations of sections, see Fig. 4 and the local data Appendix (Part B, Fig. A5). M. van Dinter et al. / Quaternary Science Reviews xxx (2017) 1-39
Fig. 5. a. and b. Schematic cross-section showing method of reconstruction of channel dimensions; c. Selection of cross-sections (capitalised labels corresponding to Table 5), ordered east to west and from Roman to Medieval period, showing dimensions of the river channels in time and space. For locations of sections, see Fig. 4 and the local data Appendix (Part B, Fig. A5). M. van Dinter et al. / Quaternary Science Reviews xxx (2017) 1-39
Fig. 5. (continued).
Fig. 5. (continued).
Please cite this article in press as: van Dinter, M., et al., Late Holocene lowland fluvial archives and geoarchaeology: Utrecht's case study of Rhii river abandonment under Roman and Medieval settlement, Quaternary Science Reviews (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.101 j.quascirev.2016.12.003
Please cite this article in press as: van Dinter, M., et al., Late Holocene lowland fluvial archives and geoarchaeology: Utrecht's case study of Rhii river abandonment under Roman and Medieval settlement, Quaternary Science Reviews (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.101 j.quascirev.2016.12.003
Fig. 7. Period of activity of the main channel belts (Fig. 6) affecting the study area in the Late Holocene.
Fig. 7. Period of activity of the main channel belts (Fig. 6) affecting the study area in the Late Holocene.
Fig. 8. Palaeogeographical maps of the study area with river channels and settlements. a. AD 40—240 (Early and Middle Roman Period), b. AD 240—450 (Late Roman Period), c. AD 500-800 (Early Medieval Period - Merovingian Period) and d. AD 800—1200 (Carolingian Period and early part of Late Medieval Period).
Fig. 8. Palaeogeographical maps of the study area with river channels and settlements. a. AD 40—240 (Early and Middle Roman Period), b. AD 240—450 (Late Roman Period), c. AD 500-800 (Early Medieval Period - Merovingian Period) and d. AD 800—1200 (Carolingian Period and early part of Late Medieval Period).
Fig. 9. Dimensions of the Rhine river channels in the 1st century AD (the time of founding of the Roman forts). Cross-sectional wet area (in m?, calculated for a water level ~1 m below top of levees) is shown for three positions downstream the main river, and for the Vecht distributary. Note vertical exaggeration: graphically the areas do not add up, numerically they do.
Fig. 9. Dimensions of the Rhine river channels in the 1st century AD (the time of founding of the Roman forts). Cross-sectional wet area (in m?, calculated for a water level ~1 m below top of levees) is shown for three positions downstream the main river, and for the Vecht distributary. Note vertical exaggeration: graphically the areas do not add up, numerically they do.
Fig. 10. Abandonment phases of the Utrecht system with a. relative discharge, b. erosive capacity (Peak floodings with recurrence time >100 yr according to Toonen et al., 2013; Cohen et al., 2016), c. development of river pattern and d. human settlement pattern.
Fig. 10. Abandonment phases of the Utrecht system with a. relative discharge, b. erosive capacity (Peak floodings with recurrence time >100 yr according to Toonen et al., 2013; Cohen et al., 2016), c. development of river pattern and d. human settlement pattern.
Classic text references Annales, Bertiniani, Waitz, G., 1883. Annales Bertiniani. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum 5. Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, Hannover, Germany, p. 193. https://archive.org/details/ annalesbertiniaOOwaitgoog. Annales, Fuldenses, Kurze, F., 1891. Annales Fuldenses sive Annales Regni Franco- rum Orientalis. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Germani- carum 7. Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, Hannover, Germany, p. 182. https:// archive.org/details/annalesfuldensesOOeinhuoft. Annales Xantenses. Vedastini. De Simson, B.. 1909. Annales Xantenses et Annales
Classic text references Annales, Bertiniani, Waitz, G., 1883. Annales Bertiniani. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum 5. Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, Hannover, Germany, p. 193. https://archive.org/details/ annalesbertiniaOOwaitgoog. Annales, Fuldenses, Kurze, F., 1891. Annales Fuldenses sive Annales Regni Franco- rum Orientalis. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Germani- carum 7. Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani, Hannover, Germany, p. 182. https:// archive.org/details/annalesfuldensesOOeinhuoft. Annales Xantenses. Vedastini. De Simson, B.. 1909. Annales Xantenses et Annales
Related topics:
Physical GeographyLandscape ArchaeologyEarly Medieval ArchaeologyMedieval ArchaeologyFluvial GeomorphologyFluvial SedimentologyRoman ArchaeologyHolocene Evolution of Deltas
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