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Fig. 8. Diagram of the relative values of the alterations observed in the charcoal assemblage from Abric Romani.

Figure 8 Diagram of the relative values of the alterations observed in the charcoal assemblage from Abric Romani.

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Te a ee a TO ne | ee eee ee ee 2005, 2010, 2012a; Vaquero, 2008; Carbonell, 2012; Courty et al., 2012; Rosell et al., 2012; Vaquero et al., 2012, 2013, 2015; Solé et al., 2013; Gabucio et al., 2014).
Te a ee a TO ne | ee eee ee ee 2005, 2010, 2012a; Vaquero, 2008; Carbonell, 2012; Courty et al., 2012; Rosell et al., 2012; Vaquero et al., 2012, 2013, 2015; Solé et al., 2013; Gabucio et al., 2014).
Fig. 2. Topographic profile of the area (modified from Vallverdut et al., 2012b).
Fig. 2. Topographic profile of the area (modified from Vallverdut et al., 2012b).
Fig. 4. Pre-taphomical and taphonomical processes developed in wood and charcoal (modified from Allué et al., 2009),
Fig. 4. Pre-taphomical and taphonomical processes developed in wood and charcoal (modified from Allué et al., 2009),
Fig. 5. SEM images and macroscopic photo showing examples of different alterations observed on charcoal from Pinus sylvestris type transversal section from Abric Romani. A) Combustion alteration and vitrified fragment. B) Vitrified fragment. C) Cracks and cell deformations. D) Cracks and combustion alteration. E) Punctual biological alteration. F) Cell structure deformation due to cell collapse. G) Detail of cell structure deformations. H) Macroscopic view of combustion and postdepositional alteration. According to previous studies, different processes affect wood anatomy causing modifications of the cell structure. These pro- cesses developed from the growth of the living plant (pre-tapho- nomical alterations) to its recovery during the excavation of the site. Throughout these processes the wood can be affected by decay (biological agents), combustion (anthropic agents) and _post- depositional processes (natural agents) (Allué et al., 2009) (Fig. 4). In the Abric Romani charcoal assemblage the origin of the alteration is classified into one of these three groups. This is then used to evaluate the general state of the remains, allowing the state of the wood and charcoal to be described. Here the classification is based both on our observations and the descriptions found in other studies (Allué et al., 2009; Théry-Parisot et al., 2010; Théry-Parisot and Henry, 2012; Henry and Théry-Parisot, 2014). Biological agents affecting the wood cause decay and this has been identified in the plant structure as collapsed cells, or xylophages alteration. Com- bustion produces several cell structure modifications including cracks, vitrification, and deformation of the cell structure. Finally, post-depositional modifications at Abric Romani are related to calcium carbonate deposition on the charcoal causing a general deformation of the cell structure (Fig. 5). These alterations have been quantified based on the relative values of their presence within the assemblage. It is important to note that the observations
Fig. 5. SEM images and macroscopic photo showing examples of different alterations observed on charcoal from Pinus sylvestris type transversal section from Abric Romani. A) Combustion alteration and vitrified fragment. B) Vitrified fragment. C) Cracks and cell deformations. D) Cracks and combustion alteration. E) Punctual biological alteration. F) Cell structure deformation due to cell collapse. G) Detail of cell structure deformations. H) Macroscopic view of combustion and postdepositional alteration. According to previous studies, different processes affect wood anatomy causing modifications of the cell structure. These pro- cesses developed from the growth of the living plant (pre-tapho- nomical alterations) to its recovery during the excavation of the site. Throughout these processes the wood can be affected by decay (biological agents), combustion (anthropic agents) and _post- depositional processes (natural agents) (Allué et al., 2009) (Fig. 4). In the Abric Romani charcoal assemblage the origin of the alteration is classified into one of these three groups. This is then used to evaluate the general state of the remains, allowing the state of the wood and charcoal to be described. Here the classification is based both on our observations and the descriptions found in other studies (Allué et al., 2009; Théry-Parisot et al., 2010; Théry-Parisot and Henry, 2012; Henry and Théry-Parisot, 2014). Biological agents affecting the wood cause decay and this has been identified in the plant structure as collapsed cells, or xylophages alteration. Com- bustion produces several cell structure modifications including cracks, vitrification, and deformation of the cell structure. Finally, post-depositional modifications at Abric Romani are related to calcium carbonate deposition on the charcoal causing a general deformation of the cell structure (Fig. 5). These alterations have been quantified based on the relative values of their presence within the assemblage. It is important to note that the observations
Anthracological results from Abric Romani. Table 1 abundance of fuel (Chabal et al., 1999). As already mentioned, in the context of the Mediterranean European Palaeolithic, wood was both abundant and the most widely-available fuel. However when the fuel in question is wood, other aspects should also be consid- ered, including more specific characteristics, like the quality of the
Anthracological results from Abric Romani. Table 1 abundance of fuel (Chabal et al., 1999). As already mentioned, in the context of the Mediterranean European Palaeolithic, wood was both abundant and the most widely-available fuel. However when the fuel in question is wood, other aspects should also be consid- ered, including more specific characteristics, like the quality of the
Fig. 6. Graph showing taxa variability according to number of fragments analysed and number of taxa obtained from the Abric Romani anthracological record.
Fig. 6. Graph showing taxa variability according to number of fragments analysed and number of taxa obtained from the Abric Romani anthracological record.
Fig. 7. Saturation curves from layers D, Ja, M, N and O from Abric Romani. The taphonomical observation of the charcoal remains reveals low alteration values for all the categories described (Fig. 8). Layers Ja, M and N show lower values of biological alteration, whereas Jb, O, P and Q have values of between 20 and 30%. This difference cannot be explained at this point of our research. Low percentages of cell collapse and cracking have been identified. Given the low
Fig. 7. Saturation curves from layers D, Ja, M, N and O from Abric Romani. The taphonomical observation of the charcoal remains reveals low alteration values for all the categories described (Fig. 8). Layers Ja, M and N show lower values of biological alteration, whereas Jb, O, P and Q have values of between 20 and 30%. This difference cannot be explained at this point of our research. Low percentages of cell collapse and cracking have been identified. Given the low
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