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start to finish but, rather, were multiple and constantly developing - diverging, converging, and ultimately cohering into new ideas. Outcomes gave rise to spin-off ideas and projects. The people in the innovation journey did not resemble a single entrepreneur leading a fixed set of people over time but, rather, were a fluidly forming and loosely bounded group with multiple members taking a variety of different roles over time. Transactions did not take place in an orderly and prespecified manner but among an expanding and contracting network of stakeholders. The context was not a static backdrop providing opportunities for innovation but a subjective enacted reality that both supported and constrained the innovation process. Finally, the process was not simple and cumulative but consisted of many divergent, parallel and convergent paths, some related, others not (Table 1.) There exist few studies of innovation journeys of eco-innovations. But we can expect that the above insights pertain largely also to eco-innovations. Constraining and enabling factors may be different, though. In the case of pollution control, regulatory demand plays an important role, guiding research in terms of the design parameters and managerial decisions. Cleaner process technologies and product innovations still have to meet normal user requirements in order to be successfully taken up. factors may be different, though. In the case of pollution control, regulatory demand plays

Table 1 start to finish but, rather, were multiple and constantly developing - diverging, converging, and ultimately cohering into new ideas. Outcomes gave rise to spin-off ideas and projects. The people in the innovation journey did not resemble a single entrepreneur leading a fixed set of people over time but, rather, were a fluidly forming and loosely bounded group with multiple members taking a variety of different roles over time. Transactions did not take place in an orderly and prespecified manner but among an expanding and contracting network of stakeholders. The context was not a static backdrop providing opportunities for innovation but a subjective enacted reality that both supported and constrained the innovation process. Finally, the process was not simple and cumulative but consisted of many divergent, parallel and convergent paths, some related, others not (Table 1.) There exist few studies of innovation journeys of eco-innovations. But we can expect that the above insights pertain largely also to eco-innovations. Constraining and enabling factors may be different, though. In the case of pollution control, regulatory demand plays an important role, guiding research in terms of the design parameters and managerial decisions. Cleaner process technologies and product innovations still have to meet normal user requirements in order to be successfully taken up. factors may be different, though. In the case of pollution control, regulatory demand plays

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Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006)
Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006)
Innovation involves learning and alignment of various activities: research, production, sourcing, distribution and marketing. Many actors are involved in it: company R&D departments, operators, plant managers, general management, marketing people, users, researchers in the public sector. Users are an important source of information. Users are an important source of learning and innovation. According to the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), users are the most important source of information for product innovation, before suppliers and public sector institutions [should give exact reference and look more deeply into this]
Innovation involves learning and alignment of various activities: research, production, sourcing, distribution and marketing. Many actors are involved in it: company R&D departments, operators, plant managers, general management, marketing people, users, researchers in the public sector. Users are an important source of information. Users are an important source of learning and innovation. According to the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), users are the most important source of information for product innovation, before suppliers and public sector institutions [should give exact reference and look more deeply into this]
Source: Frondel et al. (2004). Figure 5: Choice of environmental technologies in seven OECD countries In %
Source: Frondel et al. (2004). Figure 5: Choice of environmental technologies in seven OECD countries In %
Figure 6: Investments in end-of-pipe technologies in German industry in the 1990s In Billion Euros We lack good statistical information about cleaner production. Statistical offices have only counted investments in end-of-pipe technologies. This is due to methodological problems of separating cleaner production measures from investments in non- environmental technologies (Sprenger, 2004). Therefore, data on the use of cleaner production technologies have hardly ever, if at all, been included in official environmental statistics thus far. Although international statistical offices, such as the OECD and Eurostat , agreed to add cleaner production to environmental protection activities, official international statistics on the use of cleaner production technologies are still unavailable. For example, the ECOTEC (2002) report on the EU Eco-industries, their employment and export potential still focuses on end-of-pipe technologies.
Figure 6: Investments in end-of-pipe technologies in German industry in the 1990s In Billion Euros We lack good statistical information about cleaner production. Statistical offices have only counted investments in end-of-pipe technologies. This is due to methodological problems of separating cleaner production measures from investments in non- environmental technologies (Sprenger, 2004). Therefore, data on the use of cleaner production technologies have hardly ever, if at all, been included in official environmental statistics thus far. Although international statistical offices, such as the OECD and Eurostat , agreed to add cleaner production to environmental protection activities, official international statistics on the use of cleaner production technologies are still unavailable. For example, the ECOTEC (2002) report on the EU Eco-industries, their employment and export potential still focuses on end-of-pipe technologies.
Note: ‘Ecological rucksacks’ refer to materials which are extracted or otherwise moved by economic activities but which are not used in domestic production or consumption (mining waste such as overburden, erosion in agriculture etc.). These flows are not further processed and have no economic value, but impact on the environment. Table 2: Macro-indicators for material flows
Note: ‘Ecological rucksacks’ refer to materials which are extracted or otherwise moved by economic activities but which are not used in domestic production or consumption (mining waste such as overburden, erosion in agriculture etc.). These flows are not further processed and have no economic value, but impact on the environment. Table 2: Macro-indicators for material flows
Economic developments and trends in pressures in EU (1990-2010) in relation to environmental targets *CO> target UNFCCC & SEAP; **NMVOC target SEAP CLRTAP protocol; ***SO> target SEAP, CLRTAP.
Economic developments and trends in pressures in EU (1990-2010) in relation to environmental targets *CO> target UNFCCC & SEAP; **NMVOC target SEAP CLRTAP protocol; ***SO> target SEAP, CLRTAP.
Jukka Hofrén (ref.) has used various measures to determine the eco-efficiency of the Finish economy. GDP = Gross Domestic Product DMF = Direct Material Flow EDP1 = Environmentally adjusted Domestic Product 1 ISEW = Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare HDI = Human Development Index SBM= Sustainable Benefit
Jukka Hofrén (ref.) has used various measures to determine the eco-efficiency of the Finish economy. GDP = Gross Domestic Product DMF = Direct Material Flow EDP1 = Environmentally adjusted Domestic Product 1 ISEW = Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare HDI = Human Development Index SBM= Sustainable Benefit
Figure 10: Determinants of Environmental Innovations
Figure 10: Determinants of Environmental Innovations
Source: Keil, Clausen, Hitchens, Konrad (2002)
Source: Keil, Clausen, Hitchens, Konrad (2002)
Figure 20: Turnover of the eco-industries expressed as a percentage of GDP in the EU-25, 2004
Figure 20: Turnover of the eco-industries expressed as a percentage of GDP in the EU-25, 2004
Figure 15: Variation of total turnover between 1999 and 2004 by country (in constant ¢ All countries except Greece and UK experienced growth in real prices
Figure 15: Variation of total turnover between 1999 and 2004 by country (in constant ¢ All countries except Greece and UK experienced growth in real prices
Figure 12. Environmental jobs in greater London
Figure 12. Environmental jobs in greater London
Source: Porter and Stern (2001)
Source: Porter and Stern (2001)
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