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Figure 2. Pellets collected during different seasons: spring (A), summer (B), autumn (C) and winter (D), photographed by authors. en ee een ne ee en ee pe ee ee nn nen ee IEE EIT SEI IEE IEEE A total of 358 pellets, belonging to common buzzard (Buteo buteo), long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus), little owl (Athene noctua), common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) were collected during the autumn and winte1 of 2017 and spring and summer of 2018. Although pellets are more likely to be regurgitated at roosting sites and are often found around abandoned buildings, at the base of trees and mud walls, holes in cliffs, and around utility poles, all other locations showing signs of raptor presence were also explored for collection of pellets. Pellets were collected in separate bags and were transferred to the laboratory of the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). Subsequently, the external features and structure (shape, color, weight, length, and diameter) of the collected pellets were measured and recorded (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 Pellets collected during different seasons: spring (A), summer (B), autumn (C) and winter (D), photographed by authors. en ee een ne ee en ee pe ee ee nn nen ee IEE EIT SEI IEE IEEE A total of 358 pellets, belonging to common buzzard (Buteo buteo), long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus), little owl (Athene noctua), common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) were collected during the autumn and winte1 of 2017 and spring and summer of 2018. Although pellets are more likely to be regurgitated at roosting sites and are often found around abandoned buildings, at the base of trees and mud walls, holes in cliffs, and around utility poles, all other locations showing signs of raptor presence were also explored for collection of pellets. Pellets were collected in separate bags and were transferred to the laboratory of the Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). Subsequently, the external features and structure (shape, color, weight, length, and diameter) of the collected pellets were measured and recorded (Fig. 2).

Related Figures (5)

Figure 1. Map showing the geographical location of the study area. Khorasan Razavi Province. Iran (A), and Binalud protected area (B).
Figure 1. Map showing the geographical location of the study area. Khorasan Razavi Province. Iran (A), and Binalud protected area (B).
Table 1. Dimensions of pellets from six raptor species in NE Iran.
Table 1. Dimensions of pellets from six raptor species in NE Iran.
diameter (mm), and weigth (g); (Sig=0, a=0.05) The results of DMRT demonstrate homogenous subsets which are significantly different from each other. In all measured characteristics, the common buzzard and long-legged buzzard were placed in the same homogenous subset. The maximum pellet length, weight and diameter belonged to golden eagles, and the minimum belonged to little owls (Table 1). The pellets of golden eagles were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than those of other raptors (for more details about dimensions of pellets, see Table 1). The results of DMRT indicate that pellet diameter is significantly different among the raptors. Based Table 2. The results of ANOVA’ test on the dimensions of the raptors’ pellets, length (mm),
diameter (mm), and weigth (g); (Sig=0, a=0.05) The results of DMRT demonstrate homogenous subsets which are significantly different from each other. In all measured characteristics, the common buzzard and long-legged buzzard were placed in the same homogenous subset. The maximum pellet length, weight and diameter belonged to golden eagles, and the minimum belonged to little owls (Table 1). The pellets of golden eagles were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than those of other raptors (for more details about dimensions of pellets, see Table 1). The results of DMRT indicate that pellet diameter is significantly different among the raptors. Based Table 2. The results of ANOVA’ test on the dimensions of the raptors’ pellets, length (mm),
Spiders. Beetles, Grasshoppers, ants, and unidentified ? Lizards. Snake and Unidentified 3 Pika, and Hare Table 3. The frequency of different prey items in the contents of the raptors’ pellets.
Spiders. Beetles, Grasshoppers, ants, and unidentified ? Lizards. Snake and Unidentified 3 Pika, and Hare Table 3. The frequency of different prey items in the contents of the raptors’ pellets.
Table 4. Food overlap indexes for all the raptors. Discussion
Table 4. Food overlap indexes for all the raptors. Discussion
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BiologyWildlife and Biodiversity Conservation
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