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Table 2 Illustration of abnormal variations in daily snow depths for Petropavlosk-Kamtchatka (52.9°N, 158.7°E) for several days in March 1929.

Table 2 Illustration of abnormal variations in daily snow depths for Petropavlosk-Kamtchatka (52.9°N, 158.7°E) for several days in March 1929.

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Table 1 Illustration of errors in station records caused by amplification of the daily snow depths by a factor of 10. Petropavlosk-Kamtchatka (52.9°N, 158.7°E) for 1-15 January 1929. jay. These abnormal variations in the daily snow depths can have several origins: srrors in measurement, in the reporting of the observations, or in the processing of! he data. Also the measurements may be unrepresentative as a result of snow removal or snowdrifts generated by wind at the site, for example. This kind of error cannot pe corrected without additional information from the State Hydrometeorological Service, Obninsk. However, such review of the data is labour intensive and is not likely to be carried out in the near future due to other priorities. Fortunatelv. errors caused by abnormal variations in the dailv snow deoths.
Table 1 Illustration of errors in station records caused by amplification of the daily snow depths by a factor of 10. Petropavlosk-Kamtchatka (52.9°N, 158.7°E) for 1-15 January 1929. jay. These abnormal variations in the daily snow depths can have several origins: srrors in measurement, in the reporting of the observations, or in the processing of! he data. Also the measurements may be unrepresentative as a result of snow removal or snowdrifts generated by wind at the site, for example. This kind of error cannot pe corrected without additional information from the State Hydrometeorological Service, Obninsk. However, such review of the data is labour intensive and is not likely to be carried out in the near future due to other priorities. Fortunatelv. errors caused by abnormal variations in the dailv snow deoths.
Fig. 1 Location of the 110 selected stations in the FSU. Above: temperature and precipitation data; below: snow depth. ¥*1881-1900, * 1901-1920, @1921-1936. Numbers refer to stations plotted in Figs 2-6; station names and numbers are given in Table 3.
Fig. 1 Location of the 110 selected stations in the FSU. Above: temperature and precipitation data; below: snow depth. ¥*1881-1900, * 1901-1920, @1921-1936. Numbers refer to stations plotted in Figs 2-6; station names and numbers are given in Table 3.
Table 3 List of stations used in time series graphs (Figs 2-6). Numbers correspond to those indicated in Fig. 1.
Table 3 List of stations used in time series graphs (Figs 2-6). Numbers correspond to those indicated in Fig. 1.
Fig. 2 Mean cold season temperature (°C), precipitation (mm) and snow depth (cm) time series at some locations in the European FSU.
Fig. 2 Mean cold season temperature (°C), precipitation (mm) and snow depth (cm) time series at some locations in the European FSU.
Fig. 4 Mean cold season temperature (°C), precipitation (mm) and snow depth (cm) for locations in western Siberia.
Fig. 4 Mean cold season temperature (°C), precipitation (mm) and snow depth (cm) for locations in western Siberia.
Fig. 8 Correlation coefficients between mean cold season snow depths and precipitation (1927-1984) in the FSU.
Fig. 8 Correlation coefficients between mean cold season snow depths and precipitation (1927-1984) in the FSU.
Fig. 7 Correlation coefficients between mean cold season snow depths and temperature (1927-1984) in the FSU.
Fig. 7 Correlation coefficients between mean cold season snow depths and temperature (1927-1984) in the FSU.
Fig. 9 (a) Mean cold season precipitation and (b) snow depth at four stations in northeastern Siberia. Correlations between snow depths and precipitation Correlations between nean cold season snow depths and precipitation are low over most of the FSU Fig. 8). Positive correlation coefficients are found in the northern regions of <uropean Russia, several areas in Siberia and in the mountains of central Asia; i.e. mean cold season snow depths tend to increase with greater precipitation. Never- heless, correlations between both parameters remain very low over large areas of juropean FSU, central Asia, in southeastern Siberia and the Arctic regions of Siberia. Measurements of precipitation are very difficult to make in the polar egions. As noted earlier, correction coefficients could not be determined for stations ocated near the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea, so that precipitation time series
Fig. 9 (a) Mean cold season precipitation and (b) snow depth at four stations in northeastern Siberia. Correlations between snow depths and precipitation Correlations between nean cold season snow depths and precipitation are low over most of the FSU Fig. 8). Positive correlation coefficients are found in the northern regions of <uropean Russia, several areas in Siberia and in the mountains of central Asia; i.e. mean cold season snow depths tend to increase with greater precipitation. Never- heless, correlations between both parameters remain very low over large areas of juropean FSU, central Asia, in southeastern Siberia and the Arctic regions of Siberia. Measurements of precipitation are very difficult to make in the polar egions. As noted earlier, correction coefficients could not be determined for stations ocated near the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea, so that precipitation time series
Fig. 10 Correlation coefficients between mean cold season temperature and precipitation (1927-1984) in the FSU.
Fig. 10 Correlation coefficients between mean cold season temperature and precipitation (1927-1984) in the FSU.
Fig. 11 Multiple stepwise regression between mean cold season snow depths and temperature and precipitation (1927-1984) in the FSU. Values of regression coefficients R’.
Fig. 11 Multiple stepwise regression between mean cold season snow depths and temperature and precipitation (1927-1984) in the FSU. Values of regression coefficients R’.
Table 4 Correlation and multiple regression coefficients at some locations in the FSU for cold season time series*. yetween 45° and 55°N (Karl et al., 1993; Groisman & Easterling, 1994). The recent limate warming is associated with a decrease in the snowfall and the extent of snow over in these areas, especially during the 1980s; mean snow depths decrease concurrently. In the FSU, regions sensitive to temperature variations are located yetween 45° and 60°N in the western European FSU, as well as between 35° and 5°N in the mountains of the Caucasus and at intermediate elevations in central Asia. n contrast, the climate warming has had little effect on the mean snow cover in the Austrian Alps during the twentieth century (Fliri, 1992); this is also generally the ase in the FSU. The climate warming is accompanied by a significant increase of nean annual precipitation and snowfall during the second half of the twentieth entury in North America from 55°N northwards (Karl et al., 1993; Groisman & zasterling, 1994). However, mean cold season precipitation and snow depths ncrease in only a few areas of the FSU, primarily in northern European Russia from 63°N northwards).
Table 4 Correlation and multiple regression coefficients at some locations in the FSU for cold season time series*. yetween 45° and 55°N (Karl et al., 1993; Groisman & Easterling, 1994). The recent limate warming is associated with a decrease in the snowfall and the extent of snow over in these areas, especially during the 1980s; mean snow depths decrease concurrently. In the FSU, regions sensitive to temperature variations are located yetween 45° and 60°N in the western European FSU, as well as between 35° and 5°N in the mountains of the Caucasus and at intermediate elevations in central Asia. n contrast, the climate warming has had little effect on the mean snow cover in the Austrian Alps during the twentieth century (Fliri, 1992); this is also generally the ase in the FSU. The climate warming is accompanied by a significant increase of nean annual precipitation and snowfall during the second half of the twentieth entury in North America from 55°N northwards (Karl et al., 1993; Groisman & zasterling, 1994). However, mean cold season precipitation and snow depths ncrease in only a few areas of the FSU, primarily in northern European Russia from 63°N northwards).
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Environmental EngineeringCivil EngineeringHistorySnow Depth
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