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Table 7: Summary Career Measures for Groups, Pure Solo Projects, and Collaborations making the Billboard Hot 100, 1965 and 2005 (Standard errors in parentheses)

Table 7 Summary Career Measures for Groups, Pure Solo Projects, and Collaborations making the Billboard Hot 100, 1965 and 2005 (Standard errors in parentheses)

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Table 1: Types of Firms from Alchian and Demsetz [1] 3. use of external allocators such as the record producer
Table 1: Types of Firms from Alchian and Demsetz [1] 3. use of external allocators such as the record producer
Figure 2: Survival Rates for 1960s Groups and Artists who left the Groups and went solo, Source: Whitburn, 2006. [18]
Figure 2: Survival Rates for 1960s Groups and Artists who left the Groups and went solo, Source: Whitburn, 2006. [18]
Figure 3: Average Number of Songwriters for Top 10 Hot 100 Hits, 1955-2005 Source: Whitburn 2006. [18]
Figure 3: Average Number of Songwriters for Top 10 Hot 100 Hits, 1955-2005 Source: Whitburn 2006. [18]
NUUTEILUCU. .. The criteria evolve over time, especially in light of the digital revolution. In July 2013, Jay-Z sold one million copies of his album Magna Carta to Samsung for distribution with electronic devices. Though Jay-Z argued that this deal should count toward certification, the RIAA changed its rules so that these one million would not count toward Gold or Platinum Awards. Henceforth, sales of albums in digital format become eligible on the release date, while sales of albums in physical format will still become eligible for certification 30 days after the release date. The electronic sales information collected by Nielsen Soundscan is used by most music industry operators and has been used to create the Billboard music charts since 1991. Also see [9] and [15] Table 2 displays the number of artists, unique groups, pure solo projects and collaborations that occurred in each of the years 1965 and 2005, respectively, and the associated number of songs. Collaborations are stand-alone solo artists teaming together with other solo artists, other groups — or sometimes even groups teaming up with other groups, e.g. Gorillaz/De La Soul — to produce charting singles which are uniquely mentioned in Top Pop Singles [20].
NUUTEILUCU. .. The criteria evolve over time, especially in light of the digital revolution. In July 2013, Jay-Z sold one million copies of his album Magna Carta to Samsung for distribution with electronic devices. Though Jay-Z argued that this deal should count toward certification, the RIAA changed its rules so that these one million would not count toward Gold or Platinum Awards. Henceforth, sales of albums in digital format become eligible on the release date, while sales of albums in physical format will still become eligible for certification 30 days after the release date. The electronic sales information collected by Nielsen Soundscan is used by most music industry operators and has been used to create the Billboard music charts since 1991. Also see [9] and [15] Table 2 displays the number of artists, unique groups, pure solo projects and collaborations that occurred in each of the years 1965 and 2005, respectively, and the associated number of songs. Collaborations are stand-alone solo artists teaming together with other solo artists, other groups — or sometimes even groups teaming up with other groups, e.g. Gorillaz/De La Soul — to produce charting singles which are uniquely mentioned in Top Pop Singles [20].
One piece of evidence to indicate the decrease in specialization is the change in the number of songwriters as mentioned in section 3.2. This can be clearly seen by comparing 1965 und 2005 in Table 3. Whether group, collaborations, or pure solo, the average number of cowriters on a song has increased significantly.
One piece of evidence to indicate the decrease in specialization is the change in the number of songwriters as mentioned in section 3.2. This can be clearly seen by comparing 1965 und 2005 in Table 3. Whether group, collaborations, or pure solo, the average number of cowriters on a song has increased significantly.
Table 4: Groups with at least one artist pursuing Solo Projects and Total Number of Collaborations and Pure Solo Projects, 1965 and 2005 According to Table 4, 2005 has more groups with one or more artist(s) pursuing a solo project or side project 48% versus 44% in 1965. Also according to Table 4, there are slightly less pure solo acts making the ranks of the Hot 100. More collaborations made the Hot 100 in 2005 —accounting for 19% of the singles compared with 1% in 1965. Table 4, again, shows more charting bands with members leaving for collaborations and new groups in 2005 — 89% of all solo projects versus 70% in 1965. The year 1965 had more charting bands with members leaving for pure solo acts 31% contrasted with only 11% of all solo side projects in 2005. 16
Table 4: Groups with at least one artist pursuing Solo Projects and Total Number of Collaborations and Pure Solo Projects, 1965 and 2005 According to Table 4, 2005 has more groups with one or more artist(s) pursuing a solo project or side project 48% versus 44% in 1965. Also according to Table 4, there are slightly less pure solo acts making the ranks of the Hot 100. More collaborations made the Hot 100 in 2005 —accounting for 19% of the singles compared with 1% in 1965. Table 4, again, shows more charting bands with members leaving for collaborations and new groups in 2005 — 89% of all solo projects versus 70% in 1965. The year 1965 had more charting bands with members leaving for pure solo acts 31% contrasted with only 11% of all solo side projects in 2005. 16
194 band publicly ‘dissolved’, ‘broke up’, ‘dissolution’, ‘disbanded’, lost a significant original member, or a band member died, etc. 20Defined by any member leaving after year of first charting song. An artist going solo or quitting is not a necessary condition for a group breaking up. To achieve an estimate of the number of bands breaking up, we searched in the Whitburn books for the explicit words: ‘dissolved’, ‘broke up’, ‘dissolution’, ‘disbanded’, lost an important original member, or a band member died [20], [19]. If this information was not obvious, a quick Internet search sufficed. This is certainly not a perfect measure, especially because the definition of a significant original member is not always clear. Furthermore, it is true that the bands charting in 1965 had more time and therefore a higher probability of splitting up. However, the average years before band breakup is higher for the groups who charted in 2005 as seen in Table 5. A higher percentage of 1965 groups broke up — 74% versus 31% in 2005—while 2005 groups that do break up seem to last longer on average — 8 years in 2005 versus 5 years in 1965.
194 band publicly ‘dissolved’, ‘broke up’, ‘dissolution’, ‘disbanded’, lost a significant original member, or a band member died, etc. 20Defined by any member leaving after year of first charting song. An artist going solo or quitting is not a necessary condition for a group breaking up. To achieve an estimate of the number of bands breaking up, we searched in the Whitburn books for the explicit words: ‘dissolved’, ‘broke up’, ‘dissolution’, ‘disbanded’, lost an important original member, or a band member died [20], [19]. If this information was not obvious, a quick Internet search sufficed. This is certainly not a perfect measure, especially because the definition of a significant original member is not always clear. Furthermore, it is true that the bands charting in 1965 had more time and therefore a higher probability of splitting up. However, the average years before band breakup is higher for the groups who charted in 2005 as seen in Table 5. A higher percentage of 1965 groups broke up — 74% versus 31% in 2005—while 2005 groups that do break up seem to last longer on average — 8 years in 2005 versus 5 years in 1965.
Table 6: Breakups within five years
Table 6: Breakups within five years
21t would be interesting to know whether a group does better or worse once an artist leaves the group, but we leave this question to future research. 23 Defined as making the Billboard Hot 100 The results for 2005 are similar to 1965—the group does significantly better. One surprising result is that pure solo projects and collaborations for groups charting in 2005 do not do as well as in 1965. However, as noted above, there were about the same number of groups in 2005 as 1965 (324 vs. 352), but only half as many songs making the charts in 2005 when compared with 1965 (339 vs. 724). (See Table 2). Though technological and institutional changes have provided an incentive for more pure solo projects and collaborations, neither do as well as groups. We thus conclude that Bono is correct, that there is something special about the group as an organization for creating popular music.
21t would be interesting to know whether a group does better or worse once an artist leaves the group, but we leave this question to future research. 23 Defined as making the Billboard Hot 100 The results for 2005 are similar to 1965—the group does significantly better. One surprising result is that pure solo projects and collaborations for groups charting in 2005 do not do as well as in 1965. However, as noted above, there were about the same number of groups in 2005 as 1965 (324 vs. 352), but only half as many songs making the charts in 2005 when compared with 1965 (339 vs. 724). (See Table 2). Though technological and institutional changes have provided an incentive for more pure solo projects and collaborations, neither do as well as groups. We thus conclude that Bono is correct, that there is something special about the group as an organization for creating popular music.
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EntrepreneurshipCultural EconomicsMusic IndustryApplied Economics
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