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Fig. 1. General location of the study domain. Topographic contours with 300 m intervals. Rec- tangular area denotes the study domain. Letters H, T, J, B represent towns of Haifa, Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Beer Sheva, respectively.

Figure 1 General location of the study domain. Topographic contours with 300 m intervals. Rec- tangular area denotes the study domain. Letters H, T, J, B represent towns of Haifa, Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Beer Sheva, respectively.

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Fig. 2. Distribution and a regression line (best fit) for model and observed annual rainfall normals for 1931-1960 (a) with all observations; (b) with the observations excluding the urban (Jerusalem) stations. Correlation coefficients are 0.74, 0.76, respectively, see also Table 1. Lines of +20% error are also shown. The two encircled crosses were suspected to be erroneous (Alpert and Shafir, 1989a).
Fig. 2. Distribution and a regression line (best fit) for model and observed annual rainfall normals for 1931-1960 (a) with all observations; (b) with the observations excluding the urban (Jerusalem) stations. Correlation coefficients are 0.74, 0.76, respectively, see also Table 1. Lines of +20% error are also shown. The two encircled crosses were suspected to be erroneous (Alpert and Shafir, 1989a).
Fig. 4 a,b. As in Fig. 2 a,b but for the 4-5 March case-study and with + 30% error lines. Fig. 3b. Observed contours of average annual rainfall based on data from about 58 gauges during the period 1951-1980, Rectangle de- signates the pertinent region from Fig. 1 and was taken from an IHS (Israel Hydrological Service) map. Contour interval is 50 mmy~'. The observed rainfall normals at some stations are also indicated. Fig. 3a, The annual isohyets (in SO mm interval) from the model simulation are drawn. Dashed lines are the topographic contours with an inter- val of 200 m. Grid numbers are in kilometers, The letters BH, R, J, BL and H denote the locations Baal-Hatsor, Ramalla, Jerusalem, Bet- Lehem and Hevron, respectively.
Fig. 4 a,b. As in Fig. 2 a,b but for the 4-5 March case-study and with + 30% error lines. Fig. 3b. Observed contours of average annual rainfall based on data from about 58 gauges during the period 1951-1980, Rectangle de- signates the pertinent region from Fig. 1 and was taken from an IHS (Israel Hydrological Service) map. Contour interval is 50 mmy~'. The observed rainfall normals at some stations are also indicated. Fig. 3a, The annual isohyets (in SO mm interval) from the model simulation are drawn. Dashed lines are the topographic contours with an inter- val of 200 m. Grid numbers are in kilometers, The letters BH, R, J, BL and H denote the locations Baal-Hatsor, Ramalla, Jerusalem, Bet- Lehem and Hevron, respectively.
* Significant at 99%. ** Significant at 95%. *** Not significant (less than significance of 80%). Table 2. Averaged departures (in per cent) of rainfall predictions from the observations for the urban and rural groups of Jerusalem stations both for tle annual averages and the three cases studies. The right column presents the urban enhancement
* Significant at 99%. ** Significant at 95%. *** Not significant (less than significance of 80%). Table 2. Averaged departures (in per cent) of rainfall predictions from the observations for the urban and rural groups of Jerusalem stations both for tle annual averages and the three cases studies. The right column presents the urban enhancement
Fig. 5. High resolution topography (dashed) of the study domain with a contour interval of 20 m. The 400, 600 and 800 m contours are drawn as solid lines. Circled stations designate locations for the case studies while a ‘plus’ sign stand for stations in the annual study. The urban region of Jerusalem is surrounded by the solid line in the center.
Fig. 5. High resolution topography (dashed) of the study domain with a contour interval of 20 m. The 400, 600 and 800 m contours are drawn as solid lines. Circled stations designate locations for the case studies while a ‘plus’ sign stand for stations in the annual study. The urban region of Jerusalem is surrounded by the solid line in the center.
Fig. 6. Jerusalem number of inhabitants for the period 1931-1984. From the Hebrew Encyclopedia (1971). The 1984 value is from Luria et al. (1984b).
Fig. 6. Jerusalem number of inhabitants for the period 1931-1984. From the Hebrew Encyclopedia (1971). The 1984 value is from Luria et al. (1984b).
Fig. 7. The chronological sequence of winter rainfall and temperature in Jerusalem during 1860-1970. Circles denote mean decadal values. From Striem (1985).
Fig. 7. The chronological sequence of winter rainfall and temperature in Jerusalem during 1860-1970. Circles denote mean decadal values. From Striem (1985).
Table Al. Urban stations—1931-1960 averages Table A2. Rural stations—1931-1960 averages
Table Al. Urban stations—1931-1960 averages Table A2. Rural stations—1931-1960 averages
Table A3. Urban stations—1951—1980 averages
Table A3. Urban stations—1951—1980 averages
Table A4. Rural stations—1951-1980 averages Table A5. Urban stations—16.2.83-21.2.83
Table A4. Rural stations—1951-1980 averages Table A5. Urban stations—16.2.83-21.2.83
Table A6. Rural stations—16.2.83-21.2.83 Table A7. Urban stations—31.12.82~2.1.83
Table A6. Rural stations—16.2.83-21.2.83 Table A7. Urban stations—31.12.82~2.1.83
Table A8. Rural stations—31.12.82-2.1.83
Table A8. Rural stations—31.12.82-2.1.83
Table A9. Urban stations—4.3.83-5.3.83 Table A10. Rural stations—4.3.83-—5.3.83
Table A9. Urban stations—4.3.83-5.3.83 Table A10. Rural stations—4.3.83-—5.3.83
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Orographic Rainfall
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