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TABLE 2—Summary of Statistical Methods Used to Develop Available Reference Equations for Preschool Children H, height; SH, sitting height; W, weight; A, age; S, sex; BSA, body surface area; & signifies a multivariat model was used. NR, not recorded. “Standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the predicted mean.

Table 2 —Summary of Statistical Methods Used to Develop Available Reference Equations for Preschool Children H, height; SH, sitting height; W, weight; A, age; S, sex; BSA, body surface area; & signifies a multivariat model was used. NR, not recorded. “Standard deviation expressed as a percentage of the predicted mean.

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TABLE 1—Summary of Methodologies, Recruitment, and Equipment Used to Develop Available Reference Equations for Preschool Children
TABLE 1—Summary of Methodologies, Recruitment, and Equipment Used to Develop Available Reference Equations for Preschool Children
INL 1, POspiratOry UdaCt HWINess, *Non-White subjects included; NR, not recorded; FEV,, forced expiratory volume;ime; FVC, forced vital capacity; PEF, peak expiratory flow; MEF, maximal expiratory flow; FEF, for flow; PIF, peak inspiratory flow; Aex, area delineated by the MEFV curve; Rint,, expiratory interrupter resistance; Rint;, inspiratory interrupter resistance; Rrs, resistance; Xrs, reac! frequency dependency of resistance; Grs, conductance; Crs, compliance; SGrs, specific conductance; RA, reactance; RF, resonant frequency; FD, frequency dependence; FO/fn/fr, frec input impedance; Zrs, impedance®’; Irs, inertance; dRrs/df, frequency dependency of resistance; AX, area under the reactance curve less than 0; FRC, functional residual capacity; Vinaxr expiratory flow at function residual capacity; TLC, total lung capacity; VA, accessible lung volume, Vmax, maximum expiratory flow; Tico, carbon monoxide transfer factor.
INL 1, POspiratOry UdaCt HWINess, *Non-White subjects included; NR, not recorded; FEV,, forced expiratory volume;ime; FVC, forced vital capacity; PEF, peak expiratory flow; MEF, maximal expiratory flow; FEF, for flow; PIF, peak inspiratory flow; Aex, area delineated by the MEFV curve; Rint,, expiratory interrupter resistance; Rint;, inspiratory interrupter resistance; Rrs, resistance; Xrs, reac! frequency dependency of resistance; Grs, conductance; Crs, compliance; SGrs, specific conductance; RA, reactance; RF, resonant frequency; FD, frequency dependence; FO/fn/fr, frec input impedance; Zrs, impedance®’; Irs, inertance; dRrs/df, frequency dependency of resistance; AX, area under the reactance curve less than 0; FRC, functional residual capacity; Vinaxr expiratory flow at function residual capacity; TLC, total lung capacity; VA, accessible lung volume, Vmax, maximum expiratory flow; Tico, carbon monoxide transfer factor.
Fig. 1. Comparison of nine spirometry (FEV,) reference equations from six studies. The Zhang et al. equations were based on height and age (for males) and age, weight, and height (for females), the lines above represent the average age (4.5 years for girls and 4.6 years for boys) and average weight for the entire sample. Table 3 illustrates the differences in interpretation of spirometry results using percent predicted and z-scores for two hypothetical patients, selected to represent the extremes of the height range contained within all six There are numerous reference equations for PFTs in preschool children which have made a valuable contribu- tion to the literature. However, interpretation o f results in young children may be influenced by the inclusion of relatively few children less than 5 years of age, details regarding the sample populations and ment techniques, and inappropriate statistica he lack of measure- analysis. Since, the choice of reference equation can significantly influence the diagnosis and management of pa respiratory disease, the relative paucity of an a ients with ppropriate reference for this age group means clinical management of preschool children with lung disease may be compro- mised.
Fig. 1. Comparison of nine spirometry (FEV,) reference equations from six studies. The Zhang et al. equations were based on height and age (for males) and age, weight, and height (for females), the lines above represent the average age (4.5 years for girls and 4.6 years for boys) and average weight for the entire sample. Table 3 illustrates the differences in interpretation of spirometry results using percent predicted and z-scores for two hypothetical patients, selected to represent the extremes of the height range contained within all six There are numerous reference equations for PFTs in preschool children which have made a valuable contribu- tion to the literature. However, interpretation o f results in young children may be influenced by the inclusion of relatively few children less than 5 years of age, details regarding the sample populations and ment techniques, and inappropriate statistica he lack of measure- analysis. Since, the choice of reference equation can significantly influence the diagnosis and management of pa respiratory disease, the relative paucity of an a ients with ppropriate reference for this age group means clinical management of preschool children with lung disease may be compro- mised.
Fig. 2. Comparison of interrupter resistance (Rint at expiration) reference equations in five studies.
Fig. 2. Comparison of interrupter resistance (Rint at expiration) reference equations in five studies.
TABLE 3—Comparison of Two Hypothetical Subjects Using the Five Available Spirometry Reference Equations for Preschool Children “SD was not recorded therefore z-scores could not be calculated.
TABLE 3—Comparison of Two Hypothetical Subjects Using the Five Available Spirometry Reference Equations for Preschool Children “SD was not recorded therefore z-scores could not be calculated.
Related topics:
Pediatric PulmonologyPulmonary function testRespiratory Function
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