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Figure 1. GHz measurement system. (a) The used network analyzer (KeySight FieldFox N9918A). (b) The open-ended coaxial cable (Semi-Flexible Cable 670-086 SXE). (c) Magnified view of the coaxial cable. (d) A Foley catheter modified for applying suction thoroughly. (e) Suction pump.

Figure 1 GHz measurement system. (a) The used network analyzer (KeySight FieldFox N9918A). (b) The open-ended coaxial cable (Semi-Flexible Cable 670-086 SXE). (c) Magnified view of the coaxial cable. (d) A Foley catheter modified for applying suction thoroughly. (e) Suction pump.

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Figure 2. GHz measurement on a mouse model. (a) Tumor tissue and applying the GHz probe on it. (b) Normal mouse tissue with H&E assay representing the fibrotic connective tissue and cancerous mouse tissue with H&E assay representing a hypercellular region and high nucleus-to-cytoplasm size ratio. (c) Frequency-dependent behaviour of S,; parameter for normal and cancerous tissues with or without applying suction force. Figure 2. GHz measurement on a mouse model. (a) Tumor tissue and applying the GHz probe on it.
Figure 2. GHz measurement on a mouse model. (a) Tumor tissue and applying the GHz probe on it. (b) Normal mouse tissue with H&E assay representing the fibrotic connective tissue and cancerous mouse tissue with H&E assay representing a hypercellular region and high nucleus-to-cytoplasm size ratio. (c) Frequency-dependent behaviour of S,; parameter for normal and cancerous tissues with or without applying suction force. Figure 2. GHz measurement on a mouse model. (a) Tumor tissue and applying the GHz probe on it.
Table 1. Defining a cut-off value for samples. In the last step of this work, margin evaluation by GHz spectroscopy was carried out. Measurements of 86 in vitro breast samples from 22 patients (15 invasive ductal and 7 invasive lobular carcinomas, 15 adjuvant and seven neoadjuvant cases) were con- ducted within the proposed method. After doing all standard procedures of frozen pathol- ogy, margin samples with average dimensions of 20 x 30 mm? were selected by the oathologist for GHz spectroscopy (Figure 4a). Each tissue sample was scanned in a mesh- like pattern with the coaxial cable, and $1; magnitude measurement and recording took lace in distance intervals of 5mm. The average number of measures for each margin sample was about 15. mean seme /“ we os 2 " " we
Table 1. Defining a cut-off value for samples. In the last step of this work, margin evaluation by GHz spectroscopy was carried out. Measurements of 86 in vitro breast samples from 22 patients (15 invasive ductal and 7 invasive lobular carcinomas, 15 adjuvant and seven neoadjuvant cases) were con- ducted within the proposed method. After doing all standard procedures of frozen pathol- ogy, margin samples with average dimensions of 20 x 30 mm? were selected by the oathologist for GHz spectroscopy (Figure 4a). Each tissue sample was scanned in a mesh- like pattern with the coaxial cable, and $1; magnitude measurement and recording took lace in distance intervals of 5mm. The average number of measures for each margin sample was about 15. mean seme /“ we os 2 " " we
Figure 3. (a) mean values of 51; magnitude in three categories of fatty, benign, and malignant breast tissues. (b) Differences of each category versus tumor spectrum. (c) Variation of measured Sj; by the time after dissection with magnification. (d) The ROC curve for different cut-offs. Figure 3. (a) mean values of 5; magnitude in three categories of fatty, benign, and malignant breast
Figure 3. (a) mean values of 51; magnitude in three categories of fatty, benign, and malignant breast tissues. (b) Differences of each category versus tumor spectrum. (c) Variation of measured Sj; by the time after dissection with magnification. (d) The ROC curve for different cut-offs. Figure 3. (a) mean values of 5; magnitude in three categories of fatty, benign, and malignant breast
Figure 4. GHz spectroscopy on human tumor margins. (a) H&E assay of a measured margin sample, 2.7 x 2.7 cm. (b) S11 magnitude measurements on the selected margin in 18 points. Pathologically negative and positive points are represented in green and red, respectively. The obtained pattern is completely matched with the H&E assay. Figure 4. GHz spectroscopy on human tumor margins. (a) H&E assay of a measured margin sample,
Figure 4. GHz spectroscopy on human tumor margins. (a) H&E assay of a measured margin sample, 2.7 x 2.7 cm. (b) S11 magnitude measurements on the selected margin in 18 points. Pathologically negative and positive points are represented in green and red, respectively. The obtained pattern is completely matched with the H&E assay. Figure 4. GHz spectroscopy on human tumor margins. (a) H&E assay of a measured margin sample,
Figure 5. (a) Schematic view of an electrical network with two ports in a high-frequency region to describe scattering parameter, S1;. (b) Schematic view of protein content and water distribution of a normal cell, which results in an increased 51; parameter in normal tissue due to less resonant membrane-bound waters associated with decreased expression of membrane proteins. (c) Schematic view of protein content and water distribution of a cancer cell, which results in a decreased S11 pa- rameter in cancerous tissue due to more resonant membrane-bound waters associated with increased expression of membrane proteins.
Figure 5. (a) Schematic view of an electrical network with two ports in a high-frequency region to describe scattering parameter, S1;. (b) Schematic view of protein content and water distribution of a normal cell, which results in an increased 51; parameter in normal tissue due to less resonant membrane-bound waters associated with decreased expression of membrane proteins. (c) Schematic view of protein content and water distribution of a cancer cell, which results in a decreased S11 pa- rameter in cancerous tissue due to more resonant membrane-bound waters associated with increased expression of membrane proteins.
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