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Fig. 7. Variation in frictional pressure drop of Kenaf fiber suspensions (concentration of 0.6 wt.%) with (a) fiber length and (b) fiber flexibility.

Figure 7 Variation in frictional pressure drop of Kenaf fiber suspensions (concentration of 0.6 wt.%) with (a) fiber length and (b) fiber flexibility.

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Fig. 1. (a) Photograph of the test rig with the measuring equipment and (b) view of the experimental test section.
Fig. 1. (a) Photograph of the test rig with the measuring equipment and (b) view of the experimental test section.
List of uncertainty for different parameters governing the present heat trans- fer and pressure loss experiments.
List of uncertainty for different parameters governing the present heat trans- fer and pressure loss experiments.
Dimensions of fibers used in the experimental investigation. 3. Results and discussion Table 2
Dimensions of fibers used in the experimental investigation. 3. Results and discussion Table 2
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of Kenaf fibers (A) unbeaten Kenaf, (B) beaten at 2000- degree and and (C) beaten at 4000- degree. Uncertainty analysis is necessary to ensure the reliability of both rav and derived data as well as to determine the range where the true valu: of each acquired and calculated property is likely to exist. The proce dures are based on the error propagation principle articulated by Kline and McClintock [29] as well as byDias, Taylor, Thompson, Brenkel anc Gregg [30]. The list of uncertainty for the different parameter. governing the present experiments is presented in Table 1.
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of Kenaf fibers (A) unbeaten Kenaf, (B) beaten at 2000- degree and and (C) beaten at 4000- degree. Uncertainty analysis is necessary to ensure the reliability of both rav and derived data as well as to determine the range where the true valu: of each acquired and calculated property is likely to exist. The proce dures are based on the error propagation principle articulated by Kline and McClintock [29] as well as byDias, Taylor, Thompson, Brenkel anc Gregg [30]. The list of uncertainty for the different parameter. governing the present experiments is presented in Table 1.
2.6. Uncertainty analysis Fig. 3. (a) Viscosity as a function of shear rate and (b) shear curve for different concentrations of Kenaf pulp suspension.
2.6. Uncertainty analysis Fig. 3. (a) Viscosity as a function of shear rate and (b) shear curve for different concentrations of Kenaf pulp suspension.
Fig. 4. Comparison of (a) Nusselt number and (b) friction factor between the present data and empirical equations (Dittus- Boelter and Petukhov).
Fig. 4. Comparison of (a) Nusselt number and (b) friction factor between the present data and empirical equations (Dittus- Boelter and Petukhov).
Fig. 5. (a) Pressure drop and (b) drag ratio values as a function of velocity for Kenaf pulp suspensions at different concentrations.
Fig. 5. (a) Pressure drop and (b) drag ratio values as a function of velocity for Kenaf pulp suspensions at different concentrations.
Fig. 6. Drag ratio for Kenaf pulp suspensions with different concentrations as a function of velocity.
Fig. 6. Drag ratio for Kenaf pulp suspensions with different concentrations as a function of velocity.
Fig. 8. (a) Heat transfer coefficient and (b) heat transfer coefficient ratio values as a function of flow velocity for water and different concentrations of Kenaf fiber suspensions. The heat transfer data for pulp suspension were presented as the h. values. The h, value is the most commonly used parameter for heat transfer studies on fiber suspensions. Fig. 8(a) displays h. as a function of velocity for Kenaf suspensions at 3 different concentra- tions. A comparison of the results obtained from water run and
Fig. 8. (a) Heat transfer coefficient and (b) heat transfer coefficient ratio values as a function of flow velocity for water and different concentrations of Kenaf fiber suspensions. The heat transfer data for pulp suspension were presented as the h. values. The h, value is the most commonly used parameter for heat transfer studies on fiber suspensions. Fig. 8(a) displays h. as a function of velocity for Kenaf suspensions at 3 different concentra- tions. A comparison of the results obtained from water run and
Fig. 9. Heat transfer coefficient ratio as a function of velocity for unbeaten and beaten fibei suspensions (2 different degrees of beating: 2000 and 4000).
Fig. 9. Heat transfer coefficient ratio as a function of velocity for unbeaten and beaten fibei suspensions (2 different degrees of beating: 2000 and 4000).
Fig. 10. Variationof heat transfer coefficient for Kenaf (concentration of 0.6 wt.%) by (a) fiber length and (b) fiber flexibility. S. Gharehkhani et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 80 (2017) 60-69
Fig. 10. Variationof heat transfer coefficient for Kenaf (concentration of 0.6 wt.%) by (a) fiber length and (b) fiber flexibility. S. Gharehkhani et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 80 (2017) 60-69
Fig. A.1. Temperature drop through heated wall. Fig. A.1 presents a close-up view of the heater wall of the pipe flow test rig.
Fig. A.1. Temperature drop through heated wall. Fig. A.1 presents a close-up view of the heater wall of the pipe flow test rig.
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