Figure 1. Nature Moderates Effects of Stressful Life Events on Psychological Distress. lower level apartments (i.e. 2nd, 3rd, and 4th floors) were chosen for the study. See Figure 2. Figure 2. Views of nature vary from apartment to apartment at Robert Taylor Homes. differing amounts of natural elements. To make sure that trees could be seen from the buildings, Table 1. Subcategories Found in Paintings and Interviews. and cul-de-sacs were chosen as preferred spaces for play. See Figure 4. Figure 4. Children's Drawing of Playing Football Between Two Houses (Reproduced from Ghanbari-Azarneir et al., "Identification of Child-Friendly Environments in Poor Neighborhoods."). Figure 5. Children’s Drawing of Playing with Friends and Surrounding Nature. (Reproduced from Ghanbari-Azarneir et al., "Identification of Child-Friendly Environments in Poor Neighborhoods."). Figure 6. Children's Drawing of Preference of Space to Play. (Reproduced from Ghanbari- Azarneir et al., "Identification of Child-Friendly Environments in Poor Neighborhoods."). by themselves. Figure 7. Children Playing in Alleys. (Reproduced from Ghanbari-Azarneir et al., "Identification of Child-Friendly Environments in Poor Neighborhoods."). author called "refuges" See Figure 8. Figure 8. Plan for playground showing refuge areas and other play equipment. (Reproduced from Kirkby, "Nature as Refuge in Children's Environments."). within a playground with natural and built equipment with three different hiding-places—what the Figure 9. Figure 9. Playground in Thames built around a large tree that children were observed climbing. (Reproduced from Rebecca and lan, "Children's Use of Nature in New Zealand Playgrounds.."). 56 different playgrounds, all of which offer both natural and built play equipment settings. See Figure 10. Nineteenth-century view of a playground for young children. Image from H. Bernard 1848, courtesy of University of Michigan, Making America. (Reproduced from Moore, “Playgrounds"). The first publication of playgrounds appears as an illustration by Henry Barnett in 1848. See Figure 11. Perkins Square Playground, early twentieth century. (Reproduced from AkronOhioMoms, http://www.akronohiomoms.com/ohio/akron-area-landmarks-yesteryear). Noguchi’s future attempts to design playgrounds. Figure 12. Isamu Noguchi, Model of Play Mountain, 1933. Plaster. Unrealized. (Reproduced from Solomon, American Playgrounds). and the Play Mountain was never built. However, this bureaucratic barrier did not prevent Figure 13. Model of Playground for Ala Moana Park, Hawaii, 1935. (Reproduced from Larrivee, “Playscapes,” 53-80). Figure 14. Isamu Noguchi. Model for Contoured Playground. 1941. Bronze cast from plaster original. (Reproduced from Larrivee, “Playscapes,” 53-80). Figure 15. Isamu Noguchi and Louis Kahn, Levi Memorial Playground 1961-1966, Final Version (Reproduced from Larrivee, “Playscapes,” 53-80). M. Paul Friedberg regarding their playground designs.”4 Figure 16. Dijkstraat Amsterdam—Centrum, 1954. (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). See Figure 16. Figure 17. Laurierstraat Amsterdam—Centrum (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). simultaneously sculptural and urbanist elements that “gives a frame to urban life.”’® See Figure Figure 18. Laurierstraat, Amsterdam—Cenitrum. (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). Figure 19. Laurierstraat, Amsterdam—Centrum (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). Figure 20. Laurierstraat, Amsterdam—Cenitrum. (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). framed structures and concrete. for inspiration. See Figure 21 Figure 21. Aldo van Eyck playground and Christiaan Karel Appel. (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). Figure 22. Examples of new designs for playgrounds introduced by van Eyck. (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). was open to the city and was defined by the furniture (benches) or play elements. Figure 23. Interstitial spaces—Opportunities for the use of previously unused spaces between buildings. (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). Figure 24. Interstitial soaces—Opportunities for the use of previously unused spaces between buildings. (Reproduced from Novak, Aldo van Eyck). Figure 25. Adventurous Playground Emdrup 1945. (Reproduced from Bengtsson, Adventure Playgrounds). Figure 26 Richard Dattner rehabilitated Adventure Playground 2015 (Reproduced from http://www.centralparknyc.org/about/restoration.html) from those in Europe, which utilized more scrap-based and found elements. Figure 27. Richard Dattner Adventure Playground N.Y. (Reproduced from http://www.dattner.com/portfolio/playgrounds/). Figure 28. M. Paul Friedberg & Associates view of playground at Jacob Riis House, New York City. (Reproduced from Solomon, American Playgrounds). Figure 29. Playground in New Jersey. (Reproduced from https://magazine.funnewjersey.com/a-ranking-of-the-top-ten-playgrounds-in-new-jersey) they actually limit their play. See Figure 29. Figure 30. Union Square Park by Michael Van Valkenburgh, New York, NY. (Reproduced from https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/union-square-park/planyc). Figure 31. Union Square Park Michael Van Valkenburgh, New York, NY. Integration with Nature. (Reproduced from https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/union-square- park/planyc) Figure 32. Union Square Park Michael Van Valkenburgh, New York, NY. Water Integrated on a Playground. (Reproduced from https://www.nycgovparks.org/park-features/union- square-park/planyc) Table 2. Biophilic Design Categories and Patterns (Terrapin Bright Green). Table 3. Experience and Attributes of Biophilic Design Defined by Kellert and Calabrese. The prediction is that, by 2030, almost 5-billion people will be living in urban areas. See figure 33. Figure 33. Global population, including the portion of rural and urban populations, from 1950 to predicted levels in 2050. (Reproduced from http://www.unfpa.org). Table 4. Biophilic Design Principles and Children Preferred Space to Play. Table 5. Biophilic Design Principles to be Applied on a Design of a Playground. 134 Ryan, "Biophilic Design Patterns,” 62—75. 135 Kellert and Calabrese, The Practice of Biophilic Design, 10. 65 Figure 34. Spatial Configurations in Nature of a Biophilic Design Pattern: Nature of the Space. protection from natural conditions. See Figure 35. Figure 36. Diagram of Prospect Combined With Refuge Type of Setting. Figure 36. incorporated into a reftuge-based space to enhance the prospect/refuge characteristics. See Figure 37. Diagram of Prospect Type of Setting. sense of security. See Figure 39. the risk of falling; however, the water below a bridge and the low elevation component gives a Another example of spatial configuration of risk/peril is demonstrated within the following diagrar where the risk of getting wet is involved if the individual decides to take another step. See Figure of a spatial configuration of mystery is demonstrated within the following diagram. See Figure 41. into the future. See Figure 43. Figure 43. Development Plans and Sustainable Communities Plan Areas for Oahu, HI. (Reproduced from https://www.honolulu.gov/rep/site/ocs/roh/ Department of Planning and Permitting, is intended to accommodate major growth in population Figure 44. Kalihi and Kapalama existing fabric education and parks close to future rail stations. Figure 44. Figure 46. Kalihi Neighborhood Selected Area. station. See Figure 46. Figure 47. Vacant and Underutilized Opportunities in Kalihi Neighborhood. area. See Figure 47. Figure 48. Potential Site Opportunities in Kalihi area. (Found using https://www.google.com/maps). Figure 50. Site 1 view. (Found using hitps://www.google.com/maps). Figure 52. Site 2. (Found using hitps://www.google.com/maps). outside of residential areas. Figure 53. Site 3 view. (Found using https://www.google.com/maps). Figure 54. Site 3 view. (Found using https://www.google.com/maps). Figure 56. Site 04@—Mokauea Street Mini Park. (Found using htips://www.google.com/maps). playground. See Figure 57. walkability and livability. See Figure 58. The scale and character of land use around the Kalihi station will be largely maintained with a mix Figure 60. Adjacent Areas to Mokauea Street Mini Park. Figure 66. Windy Analyses Diagram. southwest. See Figure 66. Figure 67. Figure 67. Playground Perimeter and Adjacencies. shrubs, vines, or livings walls. See figure 68. industrial warehouses on Puuhale Road. Noise buffers can be natural landscaping such as trees stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis) and adult. See Figure 69 Figure 70. Children and Butterfly Stages of Development. application of the biophilic design principles within playground. See Figure 70. Figure 72. Biophilic Design Principles and the Occurrence of Each within a Playground Areas. designed based on the biophilic design principles of Prospect and Refuge. See Figure 73. Figure 74. Hive Wall and Biophilic Design Opportunities. element. See Figure 74. based on a biophilic design principles of prospect and Risk/Peril. See Figure 75. Inspired by the undulate shape of the caterpillar, this playground element was primarily designed Figure 76. Sliding Bridge & Biophilic Design Opportunities. Figure 77. Cocoon. See Figure 77. biophilic principles of Refuge, Biomorphic Forms and Patterns, and Dynamic and Diffuse Light playground element. Dynamic and Diffuse Light. See Figure 80. Natural colors can also be applied within this This playground element was primarily designed based on a biophilic design principles of Refuge and Mystery. See Figure 81. Figure 82. Pyramid & Biophilic Design Opportunities. principles, and natural colors can be applied within this playground element. See Figure 82 Figure 83. Biophilic Design Principles and Play Elements. Figure 84. A Leaf-like bench made from GFRC. (Reproduced from http://www.cre8play.com/product_category/) Figure 85. A hallow fallen tree stump made from GFRC. (Reproduced from Figure 87. Playground Equipment resembling a natural rock formation made from GFRC (Reproduced from http://www.cre8play.com/product_category/) Figure 88. Children’s slide that resembles a tree made from GFRC. (Reproduced from http://www.cre8play.com/product_category/) Figure 89. Bench that resembles a hay barrel. (Reproduced from http://www.cre8play.com/product_category/) Figure 90. Playground Areas. will be called Egg, Caterpillar, and Butterfly with an overlapped area called Cocoon. See Figur will be divided according to the children’s age. Inspired by the life cycle of a butterfly, the areas and site design. See Figure 91. Figure 91. Playground Areas. Figure 92. Playground Layout with Circulation and Access. Figure 92 Figure 93. Circulation Path of Playground Areas. area of the playground. See Figure 93. Figure 94. Playground Layout. Figure 95. Play Elements within the Layout. Table 7. Hawaiian Plants for Playground Areas. 188 “Hawaii’s Butterflies,” Butterfly Society of Hawaii, http://butterflysocietyofhawaii.org/hawaiis- buiterflies/. eggshell, brown, and pearl colors from the following figure can be considered. See Figure 100. Figure 100. Pour-in-Place Rubber Mats Color Option. for wheelchairs to roll upon it. See Figure 101. Figure 101. Engineered Wood Fiber. Figure 103. Materials Applied to Playground Layout Figure 104. North Elevation of a Playground. Figure 107. Conceptual Rendering of a Playground.
