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‘ig. 3. Spatial pattern analysis and some projections made to identify the archaeolevels of level O. The vertical projections have a thickness of 10 cm (Red circles = faunal rema ylack circles = lithic remains). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).

Figure 3 ‘ig. 3. Spatial pattern analysis and some projections made to identify the archaeolevels of level O. The vertical projections have a thickness of 10 cm (Red circles = faunal rema ylack circles = lithic remains). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).

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Fig. 1. Geographic location, stratigraphy, and dates of the Abric Romani site (Maps http://visibleearth.nasa.gov; photos, IPHES) (modified from Bischoff et al., 1988; Carbonell, 2012
Fig. 1. Geographic location, stratigraphy, and dates of the Abric Romani site (Maps http://visibleearth.nasa.gov; photos, IPHES) (modified from Bischoff et al., 1988; Carbonell, 2012
Fig. 2. Spatial patterning of the archaeological remains and the area selected in this study (Red circles = faunal remains, black circles = lithic remains, N(a) = archaeological north, N(m) = magnetic north). Topography of archaeolevel Oa (left) and Ob (right). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 2. Spatial patterning of the archaeological remains and the area selected in this study (Red circles = faunal remains, black circles = lithic remains, N(a) = archaeological north, N(m) = magnetic north). Topography of archaeolevel Oa (left) and Ob (right). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 4. Representation of the raw materials and lithic categories in archaeolevel Oa. each archaeolevel in each square of the excavated surface. With these data, we were able to reconstruct the topography of each archaeolevel considering the structural blocks, hearth structures, wood negatives and the inclination of each archaeological remain. anatomical parts shows that large and medium-sized animals are represented by fragments of diaphyses and cranial elements (mandibles and isolated teeth in particular) (Table 1b). The num- ber of teeth available and suitable for the dental microwear analysis was very low: Cervus elaphus N = 2, Bos primigenius N = 1, Equus ferus N = O (two teeth were excluded for taphonomic rea- sons). Consequently, the sample size was too low to obtain sta- tistically valid results.
Fig. 4. Representation of the raw materials and lithic categories in archaeolevel Oa. each archaeolevel in each square of the excavated surface. With these data, we were able to reconstruct the topography of each archaeolevel considering the structural blocks, hearth structures, wood negatives and the inclination of each archaeological remain. anatomical parts shows that large and medium-sized animals are represented by fragments of diaphyses and cranial elements (mandibles and isolated teeth in particular) (Table 1b). The num- ber of teeth available and suitable for the dental microwear analysis was very low: Cervus elaphus N = 2, Bos primigenius N = 1, Equus ferus N = O (two teeth were excluded for taphonomic rea- sons). Consequently, the sample size was too low to obtain sta- tistically valid results.
Distance of refit connection lines obtained from the faunal and lithic refits from the eastern sector of Oa. In the case of knapping refits, those with longer distances be- tween the pieces indicate the intentional displacement of the ar- tifacts within the area (Table 2). The conjoins correspond to fragmented remains as a result of knapping mistakes or post- depositional fractures. In the latter case, the connections were within short distances, indicating a good preservation of the level (Table 2). Table 2
Distance of refit connection lines obtained from the faunal and lithic refits from the eastern sector of Oa. In the case of knapping refits, those with longer distances be- tween the pieces indicate the intentional displacement of the ar- tifacts within the area (Table 2). The conjoins correspond to fragmented remains as a result of knapping mistakes or post- depositional fractures. In the latter case, the connections were within short distances, indicating a good preservation of the level (Table 2). Table 2
Types of refit connection lines obtained from the faunal and lithic refits from the eastern sector of Ob. Table 3
Types of refit connection lines obtained from the faunal and lithic refits from the eastern sector of Ob. Table 3
Fig. 5. Spatial patterning of the archaeological remains in archaeolevel Oa. Examples of tool kits and recycling of lithic artifacts and their location in the eastern sector of archaeolevel Oa (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 5. Spatial patterning of the archaeological remains in archaeolevel Oa. Examples of tool kits and recycling of lithic artifacts and their location in the eastern sector of archaeolevel Oa (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 6. Anatomical identification from the eastern sector of Ob. (C=cranial skeleton, A=axial skeleton, S/C=scapula/coxal, PA=proximal apendicular, M=metapodials, C/ T=carpal/targal, PH=phalanges).
Fig. 6. Anatomical identification from the eastern sector of Ob. (C=cranial skeleton, A=axial skeleton, S/C=scapula/coxal, PA=proximal apendicular, M=metapodials, C/ T=carpal/targal, PH=phalanges).
Fig. 7. Taphonomic analysis. Bone surface modifications observed on faunal remains and their location in the eastern sector of Oa (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.). Despite the high resolution that characterizes the sedimentary sequence of Abric Romani, level O, like most archaeological as- semblages, is a palimpsest. In fact, it is both a vertical and a hori- zontal palimpsest: vertical because more than 40,000 remains were recovered in a level whose thickness reaches 1 m at some points; and horizontal because the remains were recovered over an area of 271 m?. However, this is a palimpsest that offers the opportunity for high-resolution study. The good preservation of the structures that hierarchize the space, such as hearths and wood negatives, facili- tate the study of the spatial distribution of the level. Therefore, the Regarding the distances of lithic refits, these show the same pattern as observed in archaeolevel Oa. The refits with longer
Fig. 7. Taphonomic analysis. Bone surface modifications observed on faunal remains and their location in the eastern sector of Oa (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.). Despite the high resolution that characterizes the sedimentary sequence of Abric Romani, level O, like most archaeological as- semblages, is a palimpsest. In fact, it is both a vertical and a hori- zontal palimpsest: vertical because more than 40,000 remains were recovered in a level whose thickness reaches 1 m at some points; and horizontal because the remains were recovered over an area of 271 m?. However, this is a palimpsest that offers the opportunity for high-resolution study. The good preservation of the structures that hierarchize the space, such as hearths and wood negatives, facili- tate the study of the spatial distribution of the level. Therefore, the Regarding the distances of lithic refits, these show the same pattern as observed in archaeolevel Oa. The refits with longer
Fig. 9. Representation of raw materials and lithic categories in archaeolevel Oa. Sees ea ee ee ee In order to implement this strategy, we developed an interdis- ciplinary methodology and applied it to a sector of level O (eastern sector). Basically, we combined the study of lithic technology (including the study of raw materials and knapping sequences), faunal remains (including zooarchaeology, taphonomy and tooth microwear), refits (both of lithics and faunal) and spatial analysis (vertical and horizontal spatial distributions). Moreover, we also took into account considerations arising from other disciplines. A similar methodology has recently been used at other Paleolithic sites (Hovers et al., 2011; Malinsky-Buller et al., 2011; Vaquero et al., 2012; Machado et al., 2013; Bisson et al., 2014; Mallol et al., 2014). However, most of these works are based on studies of geo- archaeology and/or lithic technology, giving little importance to faunal remains or tooth microwear (Chacon et al., 2015; Gabucio et al., submitted), Furthermore, we placed particular emphasis on the interdisciplinarity of this work. We did not limit ourselves to The application of this methodology in level O provided infor- mation about the taphonomy of the assemblage, the paleoeconomy of Neanderthal groups, the production of tools, and the social or- ganization of the groups that occupied the site. This study allowed to isolate different events, defined as a single activities related to concrete moments (e.g. knapping events or the processing of a carcass). It also allowed us to identify relationships between syn- chronic and diachronic remains, leading to the dissection of the palimpsest. However, the methodology did not permit to delimitate the different living floors sensu stricto. It is important to note the key role played by the study of archaeostratigraphy and the analysis of the refits. On one hand, archaeostratigraphy allowed us to split the initial palimpsest into two temporally unconnected units,
Fig. 9. Representation of raw materials and lithic categories in archaeolevel Oa. Sees ea ee ee ee In order to implement this strategy, we developed an interdis- ciplinary methodology and applied it to a sector of level O (eastern sector). Basically, we combined the study of lithic technology (including the study of raw materials and knapping sequences), faunal remains (including zooarchaeology, taphonomy and tooth microwear), refits (both of lithics and faunal) and spatial analysis (vertical and horizontal spatial distributions). Moreover, we also took into account considerations arising from other disciplines. A similar methodology has recently been used at other Paleolithic sites (Hovers et al., 2011; Malinsky-Buller et al., 2011; Vaquero et al., 2012; Machado et al., 2013; Bisson et al., 2014; Mallol et al., 2014). However, most of these works are based on studies of geo- archaeology and/or lithic technology, giving little importance to faunal remains or tooth microwear (Chacon et al., 2015; Gabucio et al., submitted), Furthermore, we placed particular emphasis on the interdisciplinarity of this work. We did not limit ourselves to The application of this methodology in level O provided infor- mation about the taphonomy of the assemblage, the paleoeconomy of Neanderthal groups, the production of tools, and the social or- ganization of the groups that occupied the site. This study allowed to isolate different events, defined as a single activities related to concrete moments (e.g. knapping events or the processing of a carcass). It also allowed us to identify relationships between syn- chronic and diachronic remains, leading to the dissection of the palimpsest. However, the methodology did not permit to delimitate the different living floors sensu stricto. It is important to note the key role played by the study of archaeostratigraphy and the analysis of the refits. On one hand, archaeostratigraphy allowed us to split the initial palimpsest into two temporally unconnected units,
Fig. 8. Some examples of lithic refits (black lines) and faunal refits (red lines) and their location in the eastern sector of Oa (Blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.). putting together results from different disciplines, but rather research in different disciplines was conducted in parallel and in constant collaboration, in such a way that the results of one disci- pline could affect the results of the other disciplines. The results were combined and integrated throughout the study process. strategy that used in this work to study the assemblage was tc dissect the palimpsest.
Fig. 8. Some examples of lithic refits (black lines) and faunal refits (red lines) and their location in the eastern sector of Oa (Blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.). putting together results from different disciplines, but rather research in different disciplines was conducted in parallel and in constant collaboration, in such a way that the results of one disci- pline could affect the results of the other disciplines. The results were combined and integrated throughout the study process. strategy that used in this work to study the assemblage was tc dissect the palimpsest.
Fig. 10. Spatial patterning of the archaeological remains in archaeolevel Oa. Examples of tool kits and recycling of lithic artifacts and their location in the eastern sector o! archaeolevel Ob (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 10. Spatial patterning of the archaeological remains in archaeolevel Oa. Examples of tool kits and recycling of lithic artifacts and their location in the eastern sector o! archaeolevel Ob (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 11. Abric Romani. NSP (number of specimens), MNE, MNI and approximate age at death of animals from the eastern sector by taxonomic groups and their location in the easterr sector of Ob (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 11. Abric Romani. NSP (number of specimens), MNE, MNI and approximate age at death of animals from the eastern sector by taxonomic groups and their location in the easterr sector of Ob (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 12. Taphonomic analysis. Bone surface modifications observed on faunal remains and their location in the eastern sector of Ob (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 12. Taphonomic analysis. Bone surface modifications observed on faunal remains and their location in the eastern sector of Ob (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 13. Some examples of lithic refits (black lines) and faunal refits (red lines) and their location in the eastern sector of Ob (blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of th: references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.). While differentiating archaeolevels Oa and Ob made it possible to limit the palimpsest of level O and to study the spatial distri- bution with a higher temporal resolution, we are aware that these archaeolevels are still small palimpsests. Thus, several pieces of evidence indicate that each archaeolevel is the result of several occupations, some over longer time periods. For example, through the study of the lithic remains we documented the recycling of stone tools (Figs. 5 and 9). Moreover the technical events are informing about the activity episode related to the manipulation of lithic resources (introduction events or knapping event) that is
Fig. 13. Some examples of lithic refits (black lines) and faunal refits (red lines) and their location in the eastern sector of Ob (blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of th: references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.). While differentiating archaeolevels Oa and Ob made it possible to limit the palimpsest of level O and to study the spatial distri- bution with a higher temporal resolution, we are aware that these archaeolevels are still small palimpsests. Thus, several pieces of evidence indicate that each archaeolevel is the result of several occupations, some over longer time periods. For example, through the study of the lithic remains we documented the recycling of stone tools (Figs. 5 and 9). Moreover the technical events are informing about the activity episode related to the manipulation of lithic resources (introduction events or knapping event) that is
Fig. 14. Horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of faunal (red circles) and lithic (black circles) remains and lithic (green lines) and faunal (pink lines) refits. The vertical pro- jection has a thickness of 20 cm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 14. Horizontal and vertical spatial distribution of faunal (red circles) and lithic (black circles) remains and lithic (green lines) and faunal (pink lines) refits. The vertical pro- jection has a thickness of 20 cm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 15. Spatial patterning of the archaeological remains, the refits and the cluster interpretation of archaeolevel Oa (top) and Ob (bottom) (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
Fig. 15. Spatial patterning of the archaeological remains, the refits and the cluster interpretation of archaeolevel Oa (top) and Ob (bottom) (Black point = lithic remains, Red plus sign = faunal remains and blue triangle = tooth wear). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
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