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Ten examples of in tornado time, day and frequency testing regularity across towns and counties in Kansas [3,20,21,31,32,55,59,61,72,81]. other sources for more information (39%). This variation reversed when they received WEA alerts, with Hispanics more likely to check additional sources (70%) and older people more likely to shelter (33%). However, overall, regardless of which EWS they heard the tornado alert from, women were always more likely to take shelter than other groups, while white men were consistently more prone to ignoring the alerts, looking from a window, going outside or tornado chasing.

Table 6 Ten examples of in tornado time, day and frequency testing regularity across towns and counties in Kansas [3,20,21,31,32,55,59,61,72,81]. other sources for more information (39%). This variation reversed when they received WEA alerts, with Hispanics more likely to check additional sources (70%) and older people more likely to shelter (33%). However, overall, regardless of which EWS they heard the tornado alert from, women were always more likely to take shelter than other groups, while white men were consistently more prone to ignoring the alerts, looking from a window, going outside or tornado chasing.

Related Figures (20)

Fig. 1. The four stage forecast, identify, alert and action model for tornado warning dissemination across America [46—48]25]. The combination of permitting public tornado warnings: The first group of papers explore tornado DRR by examining America-wide historical information and statistics dating from the mid-19th century to the end of the 20th century {2,17,8,64,65,7,80]. However, whilst valuable in describing pre- vious successes and issues, the lack of analysis of 21st century data
Fig. 1. The four stage forecast, identify, alert and action model for tornado warning dissemination across America [46—48]25]. The combination of permitting public tornado warnings: The first group of papers explore tornado DRR by examining America-wide historical information and statistics dating from the mid-19th century to the end of the 20th century {2,17,8,64,65,7,80]. However, whilst valuable in describing pre- vious successes and issues, the lack of analysis of 21st century data
Fig. 4. The polynomial and five year moving average tornado fatality analysis, 1940-2014 [50]. Fig. 3. Fatalities and unwarned tornadoes. The rollout of the third generation of Doppler radar, WSR-88, was completed in 1997. There is a direct correlation be- tween its completion and the reduction in the proportion and number of fatal tornadoes that then failed to have a warning associated with them [50,69].
Fig. 4. The polynomial and five year moving average tornado fatality analysis, 1940-2014 [50]. Fig. 3. Fatalities and unwarned tornadoes. The rollout of the third generation of Doppler radar, WSR-88, was completed in 1997. There is a direct correlation be- tween its completion and the reduction in the proportion and number of fatal tornadoes that then failed to have a warning associated with them [50,69].
Fig. 2. Tornado fatalities in America by decade 1940-1990. The continual drop stalled between 1970 and 1980 due to the 3-4th April 1974 tornado ‘super out- break’ which, during an 18 h window, killed 319 people [50].
Fig. 2. Tornado fatalities in America by decade 1940-1990. The continual drop stalled between 1970 and 1980 due to the 3-4th April 1974 tornado ‘super out- break’ which, during an 18 h window, killed 319 people [50].
Fig. 5. GIS Spatial analysis of NOAA tornado data 1950-2013. Red indicates high levels of historic tornado activity. The black circle indicates Ford County. Grey circles shov areas where major fatal tornadoes have recently occurred. Blue circles indicate low populations making robust data collection impossible [70]. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 5. GIS Spatial analysis of NOAA tornado data 1950-2013. Red indicates high levels of historic tornado activity. The black circle indicates Ford County. Grey circles shov areas where major fatal tornadoes have recently occurred. Blue circles indicate low populations making robust data collection impossible [70]. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
"ig. 6. Ford County boundaries, tornado touchdowns and risk. The red shaded area highlights the highest level of threat in the US from tornadoes whilst the green points ndicate confirmed tornado touchdowns since 1950 [70]. Greensburg is 30 km east of the Ford County boundary. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure egend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
"ig. 6. Ford County boundaries, tornado touchdowns and risk. The red shaded area highlights the highest level of threat in the US from tornadoes whilst the green points ndicate confirmed tornado touchdowns since 1950 [70]. Greensburg is 30 km east of the Ford County boundary. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure egend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Socio-demographic comparisons for Ford County, Kansas, the United States and the tornado survey responders. Statistics in bold show where there is a significant difference between the resident Ford County population and the survey returns [23,78,24,73,12-15]. N/A — Not asked; (a) Includes persons reporting only one race; (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories; ’ - population and response numbers too low to produce valid or meaningful results and have therefore been discarded.
Socio-demographic comparisons for Ford County, Kansas, the United States and the tornado survey responders. Statistics in bold show where there is a significant difference between the resident Ford County population and the survey returns [23,78,24,73,12-15]. N/A — Not asked; (a) Includes persons reporting only one race; (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories; ’ - population and response numbers too low to produce valid or meaningful results and have therefore been discarded.
Tornado Early Warning Systems used in America by officials and residents * Reverse 9-1-1 is not examined as an EWS in this study as Ford County does not use this as a tornado alerting system.
Tornado Early Warning Systems used in America by officials and residents * Reverse 9-1-1 is not examined as an EWS in this study as Ford County does not use this as a tornado alerting system.
What method (s) of tornado warning do you rely on at home or at work? (%) (n=518)
What method (s) of tornado warning do you rely on at home or at work? (%) (n=518)
Fig. 7. Overall tornado EWS reliance responses.
Fig. 7. Overall tornado EWS reliance responses.
Fig. 9. Ford County siren testing time, day and frequency knowledge. The fourth most relied on way people received an alert was a WEA SMS text alert. This was the only other EWS, in addition to television, sirens and apps, that a majority of survey responders used and the only one where almost all demographic groups had approximately the same level of overall reliance (between 46% and 55%). The only exception was in those over 60 where just 29% used the WEA as a warning method.
Fig. 9. Ford County siren testing time, day and frequency knowledge. The fourth most relied on way people received an alert was a WEA SMS text alert. This was the only other EWS, in addition to television, sirens and apps, that a majority of survey responders used and the only one where almost all demographic groups had approximately the same level of overall reliance (between 46% and 55%). The only exception was in those over 60 where just 29% used the WEA as a warning method.
Fig. 8. Siren design knowledge and resident impressions of audibility.
Fig. 8. Siren design knowledge and resident impressions of audibility.
Examples of Ford County officials and residents perceptions of the alert reliability. Officials are aware of the ‘cry wolf effect of setting the alarms off causing people to be distrustful of the alerts. However, residents receiving the alerts perceive the alerts as going off too often, too little or for the wrong reasons.
Examples of Ford County officials and residents perceptions of the alert reliability. Officials are aware of the ‘cry wolf effect of setting the alarms off causing people to be distrustful of the alerts. However, residents receiving the alerts perceive the alerts as going off too often, too little or for the wrong reasons.
Fig. 10. Resident alerting frequency perceptions.
Fig. 10. Resident alerting frequency perceptions.
Fig. 11. Trust levels in each tornado EWS.
Fig. 11. Trust levels in each tornado EWS.
When you were faced with the last tornado you witnessed, did you take shelter?
When you were faced with the last tornado you witnessed, did you take shelter?
Fig. 12. The differing sheltering responses depending on the EWS that the alert is first heard from.
Fig. 12. The differing sheltering responses depending on the EWS that the alert is first heard from.
Fig. 13. Percentage of EMs self-reported sources used to disseminate warning to the public (n=43) (Taken from [36, p. 170]).
Fig. 13. Percentage of EMs self-reported sources used to disseminate warning to the public (n=43) (Taken from [36, p. 170]).
Fig. 14. The forecast to shelter process perception gap. Steps outlined in black show how the authorities perceive the process residents undertake between initial forecast and moment of shelter. Areas outlined in red demonstrate how, according to the results, individuals behave when they hear an EWS. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 14. The forecast to shelter process perception gap. Steps outlined in black show how the authorities perceive the process residents undertake between initial forecast and moment of shelter. Areas outlined in red demonstrate how, according to the results, individuals behave when they hear an EWS. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
The changing American demographic from 1990 to 2060 examining the increases in Hispanic and older people populations [76,79, p. 9].
The changing American demographic from 1990 to 2060 examining the increases in Hispanic and older people populations [76,79, p. 9].
Related topics:
Social PsychologyDisaster risk managementWeather RisksFacebook StudiesEmergency planning and managementTornado Warnings
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