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Letters indicate relative abundance in localities: (m) mass, more than 10; (c) common, 4—10; (r) rare, 1—3; distribution based on pub- lished data is marked with cross (+); column “General distribution after published data” shows stratigraphical distribution: (N) Novorossian beds (Lower Pontian), (Cs) beds with Congeria subrhomboidea, and (B) Bosphorian beds (Upper Pontian), (A) Azovian beds (Lower Kimmerian), (K) Kamyshburunian beds (Middle Kimmerian).

Table 6 Letters indicate relative abundance in localities: (m) mass, more than 10; (c) common, 4—10; (r) rare, 1—3; distribution based on pub- lished data is marked with cross (+); column “General distribution after published data” shows stratigraphical distribution: (N) Novorossian beds (Lower Pontian), (Cs) beds with Congeria subrhomboidea, and (B) Bosphorian beds (Upper Pontian), (A) Azovian beds (Lower Kimmerian), (K) Kamyshburunian beds (Middle Kimmerian).

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Fig. 1. Scheme of the positions of reference sections in the southern coast of the Taman Peninsula.
Fig. 1. Scheme of the positions of reference sections in the southern coast of the Taman Peninsula.
Fig. 2. Section near Zelensky Hill: (a) scheme of coastal cliff west of the core, an outcrop of the Konkian (Beds 4, 5) and Lower Sarmatian (Beds 6—11a); (b) photopanorama of the core of the anticline composed of Upper Chokrakian (Bed 1), Karaganian (Bed 2), and Konkian deposits (Beds 3, 4, 5); the beds and main points of sampling are shown; (c, d) satellite photographs of coasts (after Google—Planet).
Fig. 2. Section near Zelensky Hill: (a) scheme of coastal cliff west of the core, an outcrop of the Konkian (Beds 4, 5) and Lower Sarmatian (Beds 6—11a); (b) photopanorama of the core of the anticline composed of Upper Chokrakian (Bed 1), Karaganian (Bed 2), and Konkian deposits (Beds 3, 4, 5); the beds and main points of sampling are shown; (c, d) satellite photographs of coasts (after Google—Planet).
Fig. 3. Section east of Cape Panagia: (a) scheme of coastal cliff based on photopanorama, outcrop of the Upper Sarmatian (Beds 16 and 17) and upper Middle Sarmatian (Beds 13—15); (b) easterly, the slope is composed of Cryptomactra clays of the Mid- dle Sarmatian (Beds 12, 13); beds and main sampling points are designated; (c) satellite photographs of the coasts (after Google— Planet).
Fig. 3. Section east of Cape Panagia: (a) scheme of coastal cliff based on photopanorama, outcrop of the Upper Sarmatian (Beds 16 and 17) and upper Middle Sarmatian (Beds 13—15); (b) easterly, the slope is composed of Cryptomactra clays of the Mid- dle Sarmatian (Beds 12, 13); beds and main sampling points are designated; (c) satellite photographs of the coasts (after Google— Planet).
Fig. 4. Section east of Cape Panagia: (a) scheme of coastal cliff based on photopanorama, on the left, there is a cape covered by bioherm limestones at the base of the Maeotian (Beds 29—33); (b) easterly, slope is composed of Upper Sarmatian deposits (Beds 28—17); beds and main sampling points are designated; (c) satellite photograph of the coasts (after Google—Planet).
Fig. 4. Section east of Cape Panagia: (a) scheme of coastal cliff based on photopanorama, on the left, there is a cape covered by bioherm limestones at the base of the Maeotian (Beds 29—33); (b) easterly, slope is composed of Upper Sarmatian deposits (Beds 28—17); beds and main sampling points are designated; (c) satellite photograph of the coasts (after Google—Planet).
Fig. 6. Section northeast of Cape Panagia, outcrop of the Lower Maeotian: (a, b) schemes of coastal cliff based on photopan- orama; beds and main sampling points are marked; (c) satellite photograph of the coasts (after Google—Planet).
Fig. 6. Section northeast of Cape Panagia, outcrop of the Lower Maeotian: (a, b) schemes of coastal cliff based on photopan- orama; beds and main sampling points are marked; (c) satellite photograph of the coasts (after Google—Planet).
Fig. 7. Schemes of coastal cliff northeast of Cape Panagia, outcrops of Lower (Beds 38—40) and Upper Maeotian (Beds 41—44) deposits; (c) bold dotted line shows a break, with filling of the cut to the right of it (Beds 42, 43).
Fig. 7. Schemes of coastal cliff northeast of Cape Panagia, outcrops of Lower (Beds 38—40) and Upper Maeotian (Beds 41—44) deposits; (c) bold dotted line shows a break, with filling of the cut to the right of it (Beds 42, 43).
Fig. 8. Mineral composition of Miocene clays in the Zelensky—Panagia section: (a—c) content of components in %: (a) clayey minerals, (b) clastic impurity, (c) carbon- ate minerals. Designations: (/) bryozoan limestone, (2) microbial carbonate buildups, (3) carbonate rocks, (4) clay, (5) silty clay, (6) nannoplankton interlayers, (7) vitroclastic impurity, (8) organic matter (OR), (9, 10) clayey minerals: (9) illite, (70) smectite and mixed layer minerals, (//) kaolinite and chlorite; (/2) sample number.
Fig. 8. Mineral composition of Miocene clays in the Zelensky—Panagia section: (a—c) content of components in %: (a) clayey minerals, (b) clastic impurity, (c) carbon- ate minerals. Designations: (/) bryozoan limestone, (2) microbial carbonate buildups, (3) carbonate rocks, (4) clay, (5) silty clay, (6) nannoplankton interlayers, (7) vitroclastic impurity, (8) organic matter (OR), (9, 10) clayey minerals: (9) illite, (70) smectite and mixed layer minerals, (//) kaolinite and chlorite; (/2) sample number.
Table 1. Mineral composition of Middle—Upper Miocene clays in the Zelensky—Panagia section (after Rostovtseva and Kosorukov, 2012); designations: (dgg;+) reflex in preparations in air dry condition; clayey minerals: (i) illite; (s) smectite, (m) mixed layer minerals, (s + m) sum of smectite and mixed layer mineral content, (k) kaolinite, (c) chlorite, (k + c) sum of kaolinite and chlorite content; (—) absent; for points of sampling, see Fig. 8
Table 1. Mineral composition of Middle—Upper Miocene clays in the Zelensky—Panagia section (after Rostovtseva and Kosorukov, 2012); designations: (dgg;+) reflex in preparations in air dry condition; clayey minerals: (i) illite; (s) smectite, (m) mixed layer minerals, (s + m) sum of smectite and mixed layer mineral content, (k) kaolinite, (c) chlorite, (k + c) sum of kaolinite and chlorite content; (—) absent; for points of sampling, see Fig. 8
Fig. 9. Paleontological characteristics of the Zelensky—Panagia section (Beds 1—33) and Kholodnaya Dolina (Beds 33—48). Des- ignations: (7) boundary supported paleontologically based on this group; (2) absence of data; (3, 4) paleomagnetic characteristic (after Tomsha, 2008): (3) normal polarity; (4) reverse polarity; (5—8) climatic phases: (5) warm—temperate, humid; (6) cool, with different intensity of cooling, humid; (7) warm—temperate, from subhumid to semiarid; (&) cool, with different intensity of cool- ing, from subhumid to semiarid. For designations in the lithological column, see Fig. 5.
Fig. 9. Paleontological characteristics of the Zelensky—Panagia section (Beds 1—33) and Kholodnaya Dolina (Beds 33—48). Des- ignations: (7) boundary supported paleontologically based on this group; (2) absence of data; (3, 4) paleomagnetic characteristic (after Tomsha, 2008): (3) normal polarity; (4) reverse polarity; (5—8) climatic phases: (5) warm—temperate, humid; (6) cool, with different intensity of cooling, humid; (7) warm—temperate, from subhumid to semiarid; (&) cool, with different intensity of cool- ing, from subhumid to semiarid. For designations in the lithological column, see Fig. 5.
Fig. 10. Scheme of distribution of nannoplankton and foraminifers in the Konkian—Lower Sarmatian part of the Zelensky—Pana- gia section.
Fig. 10. Scheme of distribution of nannoplankton and foraminifers in the Konkian—Lower Sarmatian part of the Zelensky—Pana- gia section.
Fig. 13. Section of the uppermost Sarmatian and Lower Maeotian from Kruglaya Hill to Cape Zheleznyi Rog: (a) scheme of coastal cliff, (b) satellite photograph of the coasts (after Google—Planet); beds and main sampling points are marked.
Fig. 13. Section of the uppermost Sarmatian and Lower Maeotian from Kruglaya Hill to Cape Zheleznyi Rog: (a) scheme of coastal cliff, (b) satellite photograph of the coasts (after Google—Planet); beds and main sampling points are marked.
Fig. 14. Scheme of coastal cliff southeast of Cape Zheleznyi Rog: Upper Maeotian (Beds 28—42), Lower Pontian (Beds 43—56), Upper Pontian (Beds 57—66), and Kimmerian (Beds 67, 68) deposits (based on photopanorama).
Fig. 14. Scheme of coastal cliff southeast of Cape Zheleznyi Rog: Upper Maeotian (Beds 28—42), Lower Pontian (Beds 43—56), Upper Pontian (Beds 57—66), and Kimmerian (Beds 67, 68) deposits (based on photopanorama).
Table 2. Mineral composition of Upper Miocene clays in the Zheleznyi Rog section (after Rostovtseva and Kosoruko 2012); for designations, see Table 1; for points of sampling, see Fig. 15
Table 2. Mineral composition of Upper Miocene clays in the Zheleznyi Rog section (after Rostovtseva and Kosoruko 2012); for designations, see Table 1; for points of sampling, see Fig. 15
Fig. 16. Paleontological characteristics of the Zheleznyi Rog section. Designations for Diatoms: (/) level of first\last appearance of species; (2) occurrence of species in particular bed; for Pollen—spore assemblages/Climatic phases: (3) warm—temperate, humid; (4) warm—temperate, subhumid (regressive); (5) temperate, humid.
Fig. 16. Paleontological characteristics of the Zheleznyi Rog section. Designations for Diatoms: (/) level of first\last appearance of species; (2) occurrence of species in particular bed; for Pollen—spore assemblages/Climatic phases: (3) warm—temperate, humid; (4) warm—temperate, subhumid (regressive); (5) temperate, humid.
Fig. 17. Scheme of distribution of ostracods in the Zheleznyi Rog section.
Fig. 17. Scheme of distribution of ostracods in the Zheleznyi Rog section.
Fig. 18. Section northwest of Cape Popov Kamen, outcrop of the Upper Sarmatian: (a, b) coastal cliffs from northwest to south- east; (c) satellite photograph of the coasts (after Google—Planet); beds and main sampling points are marked.
Fig. 18. Section northwest of Cape Popov Kamen, outcrop of the Upper Sarmatian: (a, b) coastal cliffs from northwest to south- east; (c) satellite photograph of the coasts (after Google—Planet); beds and main sampling points are marked.
Fig. 19. Section northwest of Cape Popov Kamen, outcrop of the Maeotian: (a—d) coastal cliffs from northwest to southeast; beds and main sampling points are marked; Beds 1—24 are dated Lower Maeotian and Beds 25—33 are dated Upper Maeotian.
Fig. 19. Section northwest of Cape Popov Kamen, outcrop of the Maeotian: (a—d) coastal cliffs from northwest to southeast; beds and main sampling points are marked; Beds 1—24 are dated Lower Maeotian and Beds 25—33 are dated Upper Maeotian.
Table 3. Mineral composition of Maeotian clays in the Popov Kamen section (after Rostovtseva and Kosorukov, 2012); for designations, see Tables | and 2; for points of sampling, see Fig. 20 Sedimentological characteristics. Frequently inter- bedding clay and limestone interlayers (Bed 1) result- ing from alternation of carbonate and terrigenous sed- imentation are observed at the base of the section. Then, at the end of the Sarmatian, thick monotonous clay strata (Beds 2—6 in the northwestern flank of the section) were deposited. The presence in these clays of vitroclastic ash interlayers is evidence of synchronous activity of volcanism in the regions adjacent to the Taman Peninsula.
Table 3. Mineral composition of Maeotian clays in the Popov Kamen section (after Rostovtseva and Kosorukov, 2012); for designations, see Tables | and 2; for points of sampling, see Fig. 20 Sedimentological characteristics. Frequently inter- bedding clay and limestone interlayers (Bed 1) result- ing from alternation of carbonate and terrigenous sed- imentation are observed at the base of the section. Then, at the end of the Sarmatian, thick monotonous clay strata (Beds 2—6 in the northwestern flank of the section) were deposited. The presence in these clays of vitroclastic ash interlayers is evidence of synchronous activity of volcanism in the regions adjacent to the Taman Peninsula.
Fig. 21. Paleontological characteristics of the Popov Kamen section. For designations, see Figs. 5, 8, and 15.
Fig. 21. Paleontological characteristics of the Popov Kamen section. For designations, see Figs. 5, 8, and 15.
Fig. 22. Scheme of distribution of ostracods in the Popov Kamen section. For designations, see Fig. 9.
Fig. 22. Scheme of distribution of ostracods in the Popov Kamen section. For designations, see Fig. 9.
Fig. 23. Reconstruction of paleosalinity in the Early Maeotian basin in the zone of the Taman Depression based on ostracods (Bed 9, Popov Kamen section). Designa- tions: (/) salinity range of tolerance of extant species; (2) salinity range of coexistence of closely related ostracod species established by the modification method (Dykan and Molchanoff, 2006); (3) presumable paleosalinity dur- ing accumulation of deposits (Beds 9-1, 9-2, 9-3).
Fig. 23. Reconstruction of paleosalinity in the Early Maeotian basin in the zone of the Taman Depression based on ostracods (Bed 9, Popov Kamen section). Designa- tions: (/) salinity range of tolerance of extant species; (2) salinity range of coexistence of closely related ostracod species established by the modification method (Dykan and Molchanoff, 2006); (3) presumable paleosalinity dur- ing accumulation of deposits (Beds 9-1, 9-2, 9-3).
Fig. 24. Reconstruction of paleosalinity in the Late Maeo- tian basin in the Taman Depression based on ostracods (Bed 31, Popov Kamen section). Designations: (/) salinity range of tolerance of extant species; (2) salinity range at which species is rare; (3) salinity range at which species is abundant; (4) salinity range of coexistence of closely related ostracod species established by the modification method (Dykan and Molchanoff, 2006).
Fig. 24. Reconstruction of paleosalinity in the Late Maeo- tian basin in the Taman Depression based on ostracods (Bed 31, Popov Kamen section). Designations: (/) salinity range of tolerance of extant species; (2) salinity range at which species is rare; (3) salinity range at which species is abundant; (4) salinity range of coexistence of closely related ostracod species established by the modification method (Dykan and Molchanoff, 2006).
Fig. 25. Scheme of distribution of nannoplankton in the Popov Kamen section.
Fig. 25. Scheme of distribution of nannoplankton in the Popov Kamen section.
Fig. 26. Section at the western marginal area of the village of Taman: (a) Kimmerian—Pontian part of the section (Beds 41—45), Azovian beds of the Kimmerian, Beds 30—40 (Upper Pontian), Beds 27—29 (Lower Pontian); (b) Pontian (Beds 24, 25) and Upper Maeotian (Beds 12—23) part of the section; (c) Lower Maeotian part of the section; beds and main sampling points are marked.
Fig. 26. Section at the western marginal area of the village of Taman: (a) Kimmerian—Pontian part of the section (Beds 41—45), Azovian beds of the Kimmerian, Beds 30—40 (Upper Pontian), Beds 27—29 (Lower Pontian); (b) Pontian (Beds 24, 25) and Upper Maeotian (Beds 12—23) part of the section; (c) Lower Maeotian part of the section; beds and main sampling points are marked.
Fig. 27. Mineral composition of Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene clays of the Taman section: (a—c) content of components in %: (a) clayey minerals, (b) clastic impu- rity, (c) carbonate minerals. Designations: (/) bryozoan limestones, (2) detrital limestone with Congeria subrhom- boidea, (3) carbonate rocks, (4—8) clays: (4) sandy, (5) slightly diatomaceous, (6) silty, (7) slightly calcareous, (8) calcareous and silty; (9) diatomite, (/0) clayey breccia (a) and iron ore (b), (//) volcanic ash, (12) eroded bound- ary, (73—15) clayey minerals: (/3) illite, (74) smectite and mixed layer minerals, (/5) kaolinite and chlorite; (16) sample number.
Fig. 27. Mineral composition of Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene clays of the Taman section: (a—c) content of components in %: (a) clayey minerals, (b) clastic impu- rity, (c) carbonate minerals. Designations: (/) bryozoan limestones, (2) detrital limestone with Congeria subrhom- boidea, (3) carbonate rocks, (4—8) clays: (4) sandy, (5) slightly diatomaceous, (6) silty, (7) slightly calcareous, (8) calcareous and silty; (9) diatomite, (/0) clayey breccia (a) and iron ore (b), (//) volcanic ash, (12) eroded bound- ary, (73—15) clayey minerals: (/3) illite, (74) smectite and mixed layer minerals, (/5) kaolinite and chlorite; (16) sample number.
Table 4. Mineral composition of Maeotian and Pontian clays in the Taman section (after Rostovtseva and Kosorukov, 2012); for designations, see Table 1; for points of sampling, see Fig. 27
Table 4. Mineral composition of Maeotian and Pontian clays in the Taman section (after Rostovtseva and Kosorukov, 2012); for designations, see Table 1; for points of sampling, see Fig. 27
Fig. 28. Paleontological characteristics of the Taman section. For designations, see Figs. 5, 8, 15, and 21.
Fig. 28. Paleontological characteristics of the Taman section. For designations, see Figs. 5, 8, 15, and 21.
Fig. 29. Scheme of distribution of ostracods in the Taman section. Designations see fig. 9.
Fig. 29. Scheme of distribution of ostracods in the Taman section. Designations see fig. 9.
Fig. 30. Detailed comparison of the reference sections of Taman; numbers of beds in the sections correspond to descriptions of the sections. For lithological designations, see Fig. 5. (1) Complex correlation; (2) biotic comparisons: (2a) confident and (2b) tentative; (3) lithological markers: (3a) confident and (3b) tentative.
Fig. 30. Detailed comparison of the reference sections of Taman; numbers of beds in the sections correspond to descriptions of the sections. For lithological designations, see Fig. 5. (1) Complex correlation; (2) biotic comparisons: (2a) confident and (2b) tentative; (3) lithological markers: (3a) confident and (3b) tentative.
should be distinguished not only by the ecological characteristics of assemblages, but also by additional criteria based on different groups of organisms (for example, foraminifers, mollusks, etc.) it order to rec- ognize them in particular sections (Vernyhorova, 2015).
should be distinguished not only by the ecological characteristics of assemblages, but also by additional criteria based on different groups of organisms (for example, foraminifers, mollusks, etc.) it order to rec- ognize them in particular sections (Vernyhorova, 2015).
Table 5. Taxonomic composition of bivalves from the beds with Congeria subrhomboidea of Pontian and Azovian deposits of the Kimmerian from the sections of the Kerch and Taman peninsulas
Table 5. Taxonomic composition of bivalves from the beds with Congeria subrhomboidea of Pontian and Azovian deposits of the Kimmerian from the sections of the Kerch and Taman peninsulas
nis, Pontalmyra occidentalis, Arcicardium subacardo, etc. (a total of 22 species: Table 5) is confined to the next horizon of erosion and an interbed of silty clays with shell material at the base. Pontalmyra occidenta- lis, Arcicardium subacardo, and Paradacna deformis are specific to the Azovian beds of the Kimmerian. Representative associations of this fauna were col- lected in the sections near the village of Taman west of the village of Volna, in small outcrops near Cape Tuzla and in the Kerch Peninsula in the Yanysh-Takyl sec- tion; a poorer mollusk assemblage has been recorded in the upper part of the Zheleznyi Rog section.
nis, Pontalmyra occidentalis, Arcicardium subacardo, etc. (a total of 22 species: Table 5) is confined to the next horizon of erosion and an interbed of silty clays with shell material at the base. Pontalmyra occidenta- lis, Arcicardium subacardo, and Paradacna deformis are specific to the Azovian beds of the Kimmerian. Representative associations of this fauna were col- lected in the sections near the village of Taman west of the village of Volna, in small outcrops near Cape Tuzla and in the Kerch Peninsula in the Yanysh-Takyl sec- tion; a poorer mollusk assemblage has been recorded in the upper part of the Zheleznyi Rog section.
Fig. 31. Stratigraphic distribution of ostracod species in the sections of Taman, based on: (/) original data and (2) published data
Fig. 31. Stratigraphic distribution of ostracod species in the sections of Taman, based on: (/) original data and (2) published data
decrease in height from the center of the margina regions to the periphery and to the center of the mid- dle region. In the anterior lateral region of the righ valve, the tooth is low, long (L = 253 um), laminate, notched into 13 denticles/pits regularly triangular and rectangular in shape (at the boundary of the anterior and medial regions, round marginal denticle is divided 2006; Gross et al., 2008). The structure of the hinge apparatus is typical for the genus Cyprideis; however, there are some differences in the morphology of mar- ginal and medial regions. All notched elements of the hinge are well pronounced; the notched teeth are reg- ular, mostly rectangular, long in cross section; pits between them are deep. The notched elements
decrease in height from the center of the margina regions to the periphery and to the center of the mid- dle region. In the anterior lateral region of the righ valve, the tooth is low, long (L = 253 um), laminate, notched into 13 denticles/pits regularly triangular and rectangular in shape (at the boundary of the anterior and medial regions, round marginal denticle is divided 2006; Gross et al., 2008). The structure of the hinge apparatus is typical for the genus Cyprideis; however, there are some differences in the morphology of mar- ginal and medial regions. All notched elements of the hinge are well pronounced; the notched teeth are reg- ular, mostly rectangular, long in cross section; pits between them are deep. The notched elements
Figs. 1—5. Fragments of bryozoan colonies of Tamanicella lapidosa (Pallas, 1801), Cape Panagia, Lower Maeotian, from middle horizon of bioherms: (1—3) general appearance of straight branches: (1) specimen PIN, no. 3938/582; (2) specimen PIN, no. 3938/586, (3) specimen PIN, no. 3938/585; (4) specimen PIN, no. 3938/580, multipore septula in the lateral wall of auto- zooecium; (5) specimen PIN, no. 3938/582, view of longitudinal chip of branch. Designations: (bw) basal wall of autozooecium, (dw) distal wall of autozooecium, (mps) multipore septula; for other designations, see Plate 10.
Figs. 1—5. Fragments of bryozoan colonies of Tamanicella lapidosa (Pallas, 1801), Cape Panagia, Lower Maeotian, from middle horizon of bioherms: (1—3) general appearance of straight branches: (1) specimen PIN, no. 3938/582; (2) specimen PIN, no. 3938/586, (3) specimen PIN, no. 3938/585; (4) specimen PIN, no. 3938/580, multipore septula in the lateral wall of auto- zooecium; (5) specimen PIN, no. 3938/582, view of longitudinal chip of branch. Designations: (bw) basal wall of autozooecium, (dw) distal wall of autozooecium, (mps) multipore septula; for other designations, see Plate 10.
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