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Fig. 7 Variation of tensile strength with increasing percentage of nano-silica

Figure 7 Variation of tensile strength with increasing percentage of nano-silica

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Pipelines are subjected to various types of static and impact loading in their life span. Therefore, in order to use these composites as an overwrap to repair the defects in the
Pipelines are subjected to various types of static and impact loading in their life span. Therefore, in order to use these composites as an overwrap to repair the defects in the
Fig. 3. Quasi-static Indentation Test Setup pipelines, it is very important to characterize their mechanical behavior. To do so, quasi-static and dynamic impact tests were conducted on samples with varying percentage of nano-silica. Drop weight impact test and the burst test were performed on the repaired pipelines using optimized combination of the nano filler reinforced com- posites which outperformed among the others.
Fig. 3. Quasi-static Indentation Test Setup pipelines, it is very important to characterize their mechanical behavior. To do so, quasi-static and dynamic impact tests were conducted on samples with varying percentage of nano-silica. Drop weight impact test and the burst test were performed on the repaired pipelines using optimized combination of the nano filler reinforced com- posites which outperformed among the others.
percentage of nano-silica (0, 1, 3, and 5%) were tested. The
percentage of nano-silica (0, 1, 3, and 5%) were tested. The
absorbing capability and failure modes of nano-compos- ites. This test was performed on Universal Testing Machine (UTM), UTE-40 using an ogival shaped steel projectile of 12.3 gm mass and a diameter of 11.6 mm. In order to maintain the same boundary conditions, the same fixture was used for static and dynamic test. The setup used for this test is shown in Fig. 3 The projectile was fixed to the UTM and the load was applied until the projectile’s shank portion completely penetrated the target. Load corre- sponding to the penetration depth of projectile and the maximum deflection was recorded and plotted. This pro- cess was repeated for the laminates with different nano- silica content.
absorbing capability and failure modes of nano-compos- ites. This test was performed on Universal Testing Machine (UTM), UTE-40 using an ogival shaped steel projectile of 12.3 gm mass and a diameter of 11.6 mm. In order to maintain the same boundary conditions, the same fixture was used for static and dynamic test. The setup used for this test is shown in Fig. 3 The projectile was fixed to the UTM and the load was applied until the projectile’s shank portion completely penetrated the target. Load corre- sponding to the penetration depth of projectile and the maximum deflection was recorded and plotted. This pro- cess was repeated for the laminates with different nano- silica content.
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the drop weight pipe impact test setup
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the drop weight pipe impact test setup
Table 1 Mechanical properties of GFRP composites with and without NS Mechanical properties of the GFRP composites with and without nano-silica are reported in Table 1. It was observed that the tensile strength increases with the increase in the percentage of nano-silica but beyond | wt.%, the rate of increase was marginal (Fig. 7). A similar trend was observed in the case of tensile modulus also where an increment of ~ 25% was observed at | wt.% NS. Beyond 1 wt.% NS, increment was not very high because
Table 1 Mechanical properties of GFRP composites with and without NS Mechanical properties of the GFRP composites with and without nano-silica are reported in Table 1. It was observed that the tensile strength increases with the increase in the percentage of nano-silica but beyond | wt.%, the rate of increase was marginal (Fig. 7). A similar trend was observed in the case of tensile modulus also where an increment of ~ 25% was observed at | wt.% NS. Beyond 1 wt.% NS, increment was not very high because
Table 2 Stiffness and energy for laminates as obtained in the quasi- static indentation test
Table 2 Stiffness and energy for laminates as obtained in the quasi- static indentation test
Fig. 9 Damaged area at the back side of laminates when impacted at 60 m/s (a) NS 0%, (b) NS 1%, (c) NS 3%, and (d) NS 5% Fig. 8 Load-—displacement plot for varying percentage of nano-silica
Fig. 9 Damaged area at the back side of laminates when impacted at 60 m/s (a) NS 0%, (b) NS 1%, (c) NS 3%, and (d) NS 5% Fig. 8 Load-—displacement plot for varying percentage of nano-silica
For samples impacted at 60 m/s, the maximum energy absorption was observed corresponding to lwt.% NS reinforced polymer composite. But in the case of 90 m/s,
For samples impacted at 60 m/s, the maximum energy absorption was observed corresponding to lwt.% NS reinforced polymer composite. But in the case of 90 m/s,
Fig. 10 Damaged area (after analyzing using ImageJ software) at the back side of laminates when impacted at 90 m/s (a) NS 0%, (b) NS 1%, (c) NS 3% and (d) NS 5%
Fig. 10 Damaged area (after analyzing using ImageJ software) at the back side of laminates when impacted at 90 m/s (a) NS 0%, (b) NS 1%, (c) NS 3% and (d) NS 5%
Table 3 Kinetic energy absorbance of the laminates at both the velocities
Table 3 Kinetic energy absorbance of the laminates at both the velocities
Fig. 11 Repaired specimen after drop weight impact the energy at which the sample was tested is equal to the tota stuc velo energy absorbed by the laminate, as the projectile got k within the laminate which led to zero residual city. From the visual inspection, laminate was observed to have undergone failure modes like matrix crac king, delamination and fiber breakage. Presence of nano-silica leads to more active crack arresting mechanism and of t sam plays an important role by inhibiting the further growth he crack tip. Ballistic impact test results indicate a higher energy absorption corresponding to | wt.% NS and sion ami ple. In case of impact loading, energy absorption of aminates depends on the combined effect of both, matrix fiber. Energy was dissipated in different modes of ailure when the laminates were subjected to impact at two different velocities. A localized damage was observed at the point of impact and its vicinity during the impact of the projectile into the target specimen which led to compres- in the front face and tension in the back face of the nate. This damage of the laminates results in the strain
Fig. 11 Repaired specimen after drop weight impact the energy at which the sample was tested is equal to the tota stuc velo energy absorbed by the laminate, as the projectile got k within the laminate which led to zero residual city. From the visual inspection, laminate was observed to have undergone failure modes like matrix crac king, delamination and fiber breakage. Presence of nano-silica leads to more active crack arresting mechanism and of t sam plays an important role by inhibiting the further growth he crack tip. Ballistic impact test results indicate a higher energy absorption corresponding to | wt.% NS and sion ami ple. In case of impact loading, energy absorption of aminates depends on the combined effect of both, matrix fiber. Energy was dissipated in different modes of ailure when the laminates were subjected to impact at two different velocities. A localized damage was observed at the point of impact and its vicinity during the impact of the projectile into the target specimen which led to compres- in the front face and tension in the back face of the nate. This damage of the laminates results in the strain
Fig. 12 Failed specimen after burst test (without drop weight impact)
Fig. 12 Failed specimen after burst test (without drop weight impact)
Fig. 13 Failed specimen after burst test (with drop weight impact test)
Fig. 13 Failed specimen after burst test (with drop weight impact test)
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