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and LOQ were 90.0+2.0 and 150.0+6.0ng mL", respectively (Table 5.1).

Table 5 and LOQ were 90.0+2.0 and 150.0+6.0ng mL", respectively (Table 5.1).

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2.2 shows the typical Tedlar bag air sampling device.
2.2 shows the typical Tedlar bag air sampling device.
Table 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of active sampling
Table 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of active sampling
Table 2.3 Active sampling for organic compounds in air samples
Table 2.3 Active sampling for organic compounds in air samples
Figure 2.6 Examples of tube-type passive sampler (A) tube-type (Gibson et al., 1997) (B) thermal desorption system (Ras et al., 2009).
Figure 2.6 Examples of tube-type passive sampler (A) tube-type (Gibson et al., 1997) (B) thermal desorption system (Ras et al., 2009).
Figure 2.7 Badge-type passive sampler (A) Passive sampler (Zhou and Smith, 1997) (B) can be easily desorbed by using suitable solvents (Figure 2.7) trandberg et al., 2005). Badge-type of sampler is not suitable for thermal desorption but
Figure 2.7 Badge-type passive sampler (A) Passive sampler (Zhou and Smith, 1997) (B) can be easily desorbed by using suitable solvents (Figure 2.7) trandberg et al., 2005). Badge-type of sampler is not suitable for thermal desorption but
(Roukos et al., 2011).
(Roukos et al., 2011).
Advantages and disadvantages of passive sampling is summarized in Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of passive sampling
Advantages and disadvantages of passive sampling is summarized in Table 2.4 Table 2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of passive sampling
In SPME, equilibria are established among the concentrations of an analyte in the
In SPME, equilibria are established among the concentrations of an analyte in the
Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of a typical gas chromatograph
Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of a typical gas chromatograph
Table 3.1 Application of metal oxides gas sensor for detection of BTX
Table 3.1 Application of metal oxides gas sensor for detection of BTX
Figure 3.2 Reaction mechanism of SO2 with methyl red in excess of Br2 (Geetha and was determined based on its ability to bleach the dye methyl red quantitatively (Figure 3.2. based on the reaction between SO2 and a known excess of bromine. The unreacted bromin«
Figure 3.2 Reaction mechanism of SO2 with methyl red in excess of Br2 (Geetha and was determined based on its ability to bleach the dye methyl red quantitatively (Figure 3.2. based on the reaction between SO2 and a known excess of bromine. The unreacted bromin«
brown-coloured homoatomictriiodide anion (460 nm) which forms an ion-pair with the
brown-coloured homoatomictriiodide anion (460 nm) which forms an ion-pair with the
Figure 3.4 Reaction mechanism of SOz2 in presence of formaldehyde and pararosaniline
Figure 3.4 Reaction mechanism of SOz2 in presence of formaldehyde and pararosaniline
Figure 3.5 Reaction mechanism of NO2 with N-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (Tanaka et al., 1998)
Figure 3.5 Reaction mechanism of NO2 with N-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (Tanaka et al., 1998)
heated catalyst, such as a stainless steel or molybdenum.
heated catalyst, such as a stainless steel or molybdenum.
and the solute (Kastner, 2005) Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of Ion-exchange chromatography system
and the solute (Kastner, 2005) Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of Ion-exchange chromatography system
Table 4.1 Optimization parameters for column program temperature of GC-FID
Table 4.1 Optimization parameters for column program temperature of GC-FID
determine the suitable sampling time. Fig. 4.3 Hanging of PCB passive sampler the calibration curve. A plot between the uptake versus exposure time was used tc
determine the suitable sampling time. Fig. 4.3 Hanging of PCB passive sampler the calibration curve. A plot between the uptake versus exposure time was used tc
longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer (Grob and Barry, 2004).
longitudinal diffusion and resistance to mass transfer (Grob and Barry, 2004).
Table 4.3 Peak area of 5.0 ppm of BTX at various make up gas flow rats (n = 5.
Table 4.3 Peak area of 5.0 ppm of BTX at various make up gas flow rats (n = 5.
Figure 4.8 Effect of the fuel and oxidant gas flow rate on the peak area of 5.0 ppm
Figure 4.8 Effect of the fuel and oxidant gas flow rate on the peak area of 5.0 ppm
Figure 4.9 Effect of the fuel and oxidant gas flow rate on the peak area of 5.0 ppm toluene
Figure 4.9 Effect of the fuel and oxidant gas flow rate on the peak area of 5.0 ppm toluene
Table 4.6 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various injector temperature (n = 5)
Table 4.6 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various injector temperature (n = 5)
Figure 4.12 Effect of the injector temperatures on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX standard
Figure 4.12 Effect of the injector temperatures on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX standard
Table 4.7 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various initial column temperature (n = 5)
Table 4.7 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various initial column temperature (n = 5)
Figure 4.13 Effect of the initial column temperatures on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Figure 4.13 Effect of the initial column temperatures on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Figure 4.14 Effect of the initial column holding time on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Figure 4.14 Effect of the initial column holding time on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Table 4.9 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various temperature ramp rates (n = 5)
Table 4.9 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various temperature ramp rates (n = 5)
Figure 4.15 Effect of the temperature ramp rate on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Figure 4.15 Effect of the temperature ramp rate on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Table 4.10 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various final column temperature (n = 5)
Table 4.10 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various final column temperature (n = 5)
Figure 4.16 Effect of the final column temperature on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Figure 4.16 Effect of the final column temperature on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Table 4.11 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various final column holding time (n = 5)
Table 4.11 Peak areas of 5.0 ppm BTX at various final column holding time (n = 5)
Figure 4.17 Effect of the final column holding time on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Figure 4.17 Effect of the final column holding time on the peak areas of 5.0 ppm of BTX
Figure 4.18 Optimum column temperature programming for the analysis pf BTX temperature programming applied for the anaylsis of BTX by GC-FID.
Figure 4.18 Optimum column temperature programming for the analysis pf BTX temperature programming applied for the anaylsis of BTX by GC-FID.
BTX standard gas
BTX standard gas
Table 4.14 LOD and LOQ of the GC-FID for BTX detection
Table 4.14 LOD and LOQ of the GC-FID for BTX detection
built thermal desorption system (n = 5)
built thermal desorption system (n = 5)
Figure 4.25 Effect of the desorption time of the laboratory-built thermal desorption system
Figure 4.25 Effect of the desorption time of the laboratory-built thermal desorption system
4.3.4.6 Analytical performance of the system micro-preconcentrator system. Table 4.20 Optimum conditions of the laboratory-built thermal desorption and on-line The analytical performance of the system, i.e. the re-developed PCB passive
4.3.4.6 Analytical performance of the system micro-preconcentrator system. Table 4.20 Optimum conditions of the laboratory-built thermal desorption and on-line The analytical performance of the system, i.e. the re-developed PCB passive
using the equation 4.5 (Table 4.21) were evaluated based on IUPAC method (Long and Winefordner, 1983) and was calculated sampler after desorption using the thermal desorption system coupled with the or
using the equation 4.5 (Table 4.21) were evaluated based on IUPAC method (Long and Winefordner, 1983) and was calculated sampler after desorption using the thermal desorption system coupled with the or
sampler after desorption using the thermal desorption system coupled with the on-lin
sampler after desorption using the thermal desorption system coupled with the on-lin
Figure 4.31 Linear dynamic range of xylene at various mass uptake on the PCB passive sampler after desorption using the thermal desorption system coupled with the on-line
Figure 4.31 Linear dynamic range of xylene at various mass uptake on the PCB passive sampler after desorption using the thermal desorption system coupled with the on-line
and on-line micro-preconcentrator coupled with GC-FID.
and on-line micro-preconcentrator coupled with GC-FID.
Figure 4.32 The amount of BTX (ug) adsorbed on to the PCB passive sampler for
Figure 4.32 The amount of BTX (ug) adsorbed on to the PCB passive sampler for
methylsulfonic acid to produced (Figure 5.1)
methylsulfonic acid to produced (Figure 5.1)
Table 5.1 LOD and LOQ of SO2 and NO2 5.2.7.2 Precision
Table 5.1 LOD and LOQ of SO2 and NO2 5.2.7.2 Precision
Figure 5.6 Linear plot of NOz in the concentration range of 0.05-1.0 ug mL! (n=5)
Figure 5.6 Linear plot of NOz in the concentration range of 0.05-1.0 ug mL! (n=5)
Table 5.3 Intraday and interday precision for NO2 (n = 5)
Table 5.3 Intraday and interday precision for NO2 (n = 5)
5.2.7.3 Calibration of liquid and gas standards
5.2.7.3 Calibration of liquid and gas standards
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