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Figure 2-9: Prediction map of k-factor spatial distribution, ordinary kriging, 0-200 m a.g.l. [54]

Figure 2 -9: Prediction map of k-factor spatial distribution, ordinary kriging, 0-200 m a.g.l. [54]

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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
5.5 Comparison of the new proposed DSD model with other DSD models in Butare, Rwanda.
5.5 Comparison of the new proposed DSD model with other DSD models in Butare, Rwanda.
Table 1-1: Standard microwave and millimetre wave bands [23] In the current work, the focus is on Butare, Rwanda, located in the Central African region, which
Table 1-1: Standard microwave and millimetre wave bands [23] In the current work, the focus is on Butare, Rwanda, located in the Central African region, which
Figure 2-1: Layers of Earth’s atmosphere [38] with height in this layer.
Figure 2-1: Layers of Earth’s atmosphere [38] with height in this layer.
Figure 2-2: Map of Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi
Figure 2-2: Map of Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi
Figure 2-3: Average monthly variation of refractivity in Bukoba, Mwanza, Kigoma, and Musoma
Figure 2-3: Average monthly variation of refractivity in Bukoba, Mwanza, Kigoma, and Musoma
Figure 2-4: Point refractivity gradient for Bukoba, Mwanza, Kigoma and Musoma
Figure 2-4: Point refractivity gradient for Bukoba, Mwanza, Kigoma and Musoma
Table 2-1: Geo-climatic factor (K) for different months for Bukoba, Mwanza, Kigoma and
Table 2-1: Geo-climatic factor (K) for different months for Bukoba, Mwanza, Kigoma and
Figure 2-5: Geo-climatic factor (K) variation for Bukoba, Mwanza, Kigoma and Musoma
Figure 2-5: Geo-climatic factor (K) variation for Bukoba, Mwanza, Kigoma and Musoma
The Geo-climatic factor (K) variable, which is one of the most important radio climatic variables
The Geo-climatic factor (K) variable, which is one of the most important radio climatic variables
Table 2-3: Common values of k-factor and refractivity gradient [50] If the refractive gradients are extremely negative, typically < -157 N-units/km, the radius of radio
Table 2-3: Common values of k-factor and refractivity gradient [50] If the refractive gradients are extremely negative, typically < -157 N-units/km, the radius of radio
Table 2-4: Values of mean k-factor and ISE for kernel estimates, 0-100 m a.g.1. [54]
Table 2-4: Values of mean k-factor and ISE for kernel estimates, 0-100 m a.g.1. [54]
Table 2-5: Values of mean k-factor and ISE for kernel estimates, 0-200m a.g.l. [69] From previous work, in 2012, Fulgence Dushimimana, has determined the k-factor values for
Table 2-5: Values of mean k-factor and ISE for kernel estimates, 0-200m a.g.l. [69] From previous work, in 2012, Fulgence Dushimimana, has determined the k-factor values for
Figure 2-8: Prediction map of k-factor spatial distribution, ordinary kriging, 0-100 m a.g.l. [54]
Figure 2-8: Prediction map of k-factor spatial distribution, ordinary kriging, 0-100 m a.g.l. [54]
Figure 2-10: World ITU-R rainfall rate map [12] 2-6 present ITU-R Rain rate climatic zones and their corresponding exceedance values.
Figure 2-10: World ITU-R rainfall rate map [12] 2-6 present ITU-R Rain rate climatic zones and their corresponding exceedance values.
Table 2-6: ITU-R Rain rate climatic zones [12] 2.6.2 The Global Crane Rainfall Rate Prediction Model
Table 2-6: ITU-R Rain rate climatic zones [12] 2.6.2 The Global Crane Rainfall Rate Prediction Model
Figure 2-11: Global Crane rainfall climatic zone [21]
Figure 2-11: Global Crane rainfall climatic zone [21]
Table 2-7: The Global Crane Rain Rate Model [21] 2.7. Rain Drop Size Distribution Models
Table 2-7: The Global Crane Rain Rate Model [21] 2.7. Rain Drop Size Distribution Models
Table 2-8: Lognormal DSD parameters for tropical rains by Ajay and Olsen in 1985 [25].
Table 2-8: Lognormal DSD parameters for tropical rains by Ajay and Olsen in 1985 [25].
Table 2-9: Lognormal DSD parameters for different rainfall types by Ajayi and Adimula in Table 2-10. Estimated parameter of Lognormal Model in Durban using MoM technique [26]
Table 2-9: Lognormal DSD parameters for different rainfall types by Ajayi and Adimula in Table 2-10. Estimated parameter of Lognormal Model in Durban using MoM technique [26]
Table 2-11. Estimated parameter of Lognormal Model in Durban using MLE technique [26]
Table 2-11. Estimated parameter of Lognormal Model in Durban using MLE technique [26]
Table 2-12: Seasonal Model parameters for different rainfall DSD models in Durban, South et al. [79] arrived on p=3, Nm= 31444.3R° and A =5.753R°°,
Table 2-12: Seasonal Model parameters for different rainfall DSD models in Durban, South et al. [79] arrived on p=3, Nm= 31444.3R° and A =5.753R°°,
Table 2-13: Negative exponential parameters for different rainfall types [87]
Table 2-13: Negative exponential parameters for different rainfall types [87]
Figure 3-1: The geographical map of Rwanda, Central Africa.
Figure 3-1: The geographical map of Rwanda, Central Africa.
Figure 3-2: Rwanda rain accumulation contour map.
Figure 3-2: Rwanda rain accumulation contour map.
Table 3-1c: Climatic characteristics of measurement Sites for Western Province, Rwanda
Table 3-1c: Climatic characteristics of measurement Sites for Western Province, Rwanda
Table 3-1d: Climatic characteristics of measurement Sites for Eastern Province and Kigali city, Rwanda
Table 3-1d: Climatic characteristics of measurement Sites for Eastern Province and Kigali city, Rwanda
Rwanda from Chebil Model Table 3-2a: Rain rate exceeded at 0.01 (Roo7) for different locations in Southern Province,
Rwanda from Chebil Model Table 3-2a: Rain rate exceeded at 0.01 (Roo7) for different locations in Southern Province,
Rwanda from Chebil Model
Rwanda from Chebil Model
Rwanda from Chebil Model
Rwanda from Chebil Model
Kigali City, Rwanda from Chebil Model
Kigali City, Rwanda from Chebil Model
Figure 3-6: Cumulative distribution of rainfall rate for Eastern Province and Kigali City, Rwanda using Moupfouma model.
Figure 3-6: Cumulative distribution of rainfall rate for Eastern Province and Kigali City, Rwanda using Moupfouma model.
Figure 3-7: Rainfall Rate (mm/h) contour maps for 0.1% of time in Rwanda
Figure 3-7: Rainfall Rate (mm/h) contour maps for 0.1% of time in Rwanda
Figure 3-8: Rainfall Rate (mm/h) contour maps for 0.01% of time in Rwanda
Figure 3-8: Rainfall Rate (mm/h) contour maps for 0.01% of time in Rwanda
Table 3-3: Estimated specific attenuation at Ro.o1 for Ka and Ku bands for different locations over Rwanda
Table 3-3: Estimated specific attenuation at Ro.o1 for Ka and Ku bands for different locations over Rwanda
Figure 3-13. Rain specific attenuation contour map for link at 15 GHz frequency for link availability of 0.01% in Rwanda (a) Vertical polarization (b) Horizontal polarization
Figure 3-13. Rain specific attenuation contour map for link at 15 GHz frequency for link availability of 0.01% in Rwanda (a) Vertical polarization (b) Horizontal polarization
Figure 3-14. Rain specific attenuation contour map for link at 27 GHz frequency for link availability of 0.01% in Rwanda (a) Vertical polarization (b) Horizontal polarization
Figure 3-14. Rain specific attenuation contour map for link at 27 GHz frequency for link availability of 0.01% in Rwanda (a) Vertical polarization (b) Horizontal polarization
Figure 4-1a: Joss-Waldvogel RD-80 impact disdrometer system connected to a personal
Figure 4-1a: Joss-Waldvogel RD-80 impact disdrometer system connected to a personal
Figure 4-1b: Block diagram of the Joss-Waldvogel RD-80 Distrometer [103]
Figure 4-1b: Block diagram of the Joss-Waldvogel RD-80 Distrometer [103]
and regrouped based on monthly, seasonal and regime variation of rainfall rate.
and regrouped based on monthly, seasonal and regime variation of rainfall rate.
Table 4-2: Monthly statistics on rainfall rate exceeded (mm/h) in Butare, Rwanda 4.3.2 Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall Rate.
Table 4-2: Monthly statistics on rainfall rate exceeded (mm/h) in Butare, Rwanda 4.3.2 Seasonal Distribution of Rainfall Rate.
Table 4-3. Seasonal statistics on rainfall rate exceeded (mm/h) in Butare, Rwanda From results in Figure 4-3, the rainfall rate exceedence for the short rainy season at Roo: is 114
Table 4-3. Seasonal statistics on rainfall rate exceeded (mm/h) in Butare, Rwanda From results in Figure 4-3, the rainfall rate exceedence for the short rainy season at Roo: is 114
Table 4.4. Rainfall regime statistics on rainfall rate exceeded (mm/h) in Butare- Rwanda
Table 4.4. Rainfall regime statistics on rainfall rate exceeded (mm/h) in Butare- Rwanda
Figure 4.4: Regime Cumulative Distribution of Rainfall rate in Butare, Rwanda between 2012
Figure 4.4: Regime Cumulative Distribution of Rainfall rate in Butare, Rwanda between 2012
Figure 4-5: Annual cumulative distribution of rainfall rate in Butare, Rwanda between 2012 and 4.3.4 Annual Distribution of Rainfall Rate.
Figure 4-5: Annual cumulative distribution of rainfall rate in Butare, Rwanda between 2012 and 4.3.4 Annual Distribution of Rainfall Rate.
Where Mois rainfall drop concentration, M3 is the rainfall rate and water liquid content, M4 is the rainfall specific attenuation and Me is the radar reflectivity. To estimate the rainfall DSD, equation (4.4) can be expressed as [119]:
Where Mois rainfall drop concentration, M3 is the rainfall rate and water liquid content, M4 is the rainfall specific attenuation and Me is the radar reflectivity. To estimate the rainfall DSD, equation (4.4) can be expressed as [119]:
rainfall analysis in Butare, Rwanda Table 4-5. Model parameters for different rainfall DSD statistical models based on annual
rainfall analysis in Butare, Rwanda Table 4-5. Model parameters for different rainfall DSD statistical models based on annual
Rwanda based on rainfall regimes. Figure 4-8 shows that, at 9.54 mm/h, Weibull, Gamma and the Negative Exponential (Marsha!
Rwanda based on rainfall regimes. Figure 4-8 shows that, at 9.54 mm/h, Weibull, Gamma and the Negative Exponential (Marsha!
Figure 4-7: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 4.95 mm/h) Figure 4-6: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 1.53 mm/h)
Figure 4-7: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 4.95 mm/h) Figure 4-6: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 1.53 mm/h)
Figure 4.8: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 9.54 mm/h)
Figure 4.8: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 9.54 mm/h)
Figure 4-9: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 26.86 mm/h)
Figure 4-9: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 26.86 mm/h)
Figure 4-10: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 60.08 mm/h)
Figure 4-10: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 60.08 mm/h)
Figure 4-11: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 118.5 mm/h)
Figure 4-11: Different DSD models for Butare, Rwanda (R = 118.5 mm/h)
By finding the natural logarithm of the likelihood function expressed in (5.14), the log likelihood of the probability distribution function is developed and is given by:
By finding the natural logarithm of the likelihood function expressed in (5.14), the log likelihood of the probability distribution function is developed and is given by:
maximum likelihood estimation equations: Adopting partial differential of equation (5.15) and equating to zero, results in the following
maximum likelihood estimation equations: Adopting partial differential of equation (5.15) and equating to zero, results in the following
Table 5-1. Rainfall DSD measurements over Butare, Rwanda between 2012 and 2015 These seasons include a dual rainy season interspersed between two dry seasons as follows: the
Table 5-1. Rainfall DSD measurements over Butare, Rwanda between 2012 and 2015 These seasons include a dual rainy season interspersed between two dry seasons as follows: the
Rwanda based on rainfall regimes. Table 5.2. Model parameters for the new proposed DSD statistical model analysis in Butare,
Rwanda based on rainfall regimes. Table 5.2. Model parameters for the new proposed DSD statistical model analysis in Butare,
Figure 5-1: Rain size distribution in Butare, Rwanda based on rainfall regimes. (a) Drizzle at 4.95 mm/h (b) Widespread at 9.9 mm/h (c) Shower at 27.7 mm/h (d) Thunderstorm at 75.28 mm/h.
Figure 5-1: Rain size distribution in Butare, Rwanda based on rainfall regimes. (a) Drizzle at 4.95 mm/h (b) Widespread at 9.9 mm/h (c) Shower at 27.7 mm/h (d) Thunderstorm at 75.28 mm/h.
Table 5-3. Error estimation from different rainfall DSD models for Butare based on rainfall
Table 5-3. Error estimation from different rainfall DSD models for Butare based on rainfall
Table 5-4. Error estimation from different annual rainfall DSD models in Butare. nd 40 mm/h, the LGN DSD model best fits the measurement.
Table 5-4. Error estimation from different annual rainfall DSD models in Butare. nd 40 mm/h, the LGN DSD model best fits the measurement.
analysis in Butare, Rwanda
analysis in Butare, Rwanda
analysis in Butare, Rwanda Table 5-6: Model parameters for different rainfall DSD statistical models for Long rainy season
analysis in Butare, Rwanda Table 5-6: Model parameters for different rainfall DSD statistical models for Long rainy season
analysis in Butare, Rwanda
analysis in Butare, Rwanda
analysis in Butare, Rwanda Table 5-8: Model parameters for different rainfall DSD statistical models for Short rainy season
analysis in Butare, Rwanda Table 5-8: Model parameters for different rainfall DSD statistical models for Short rainy season
Short dry and Long rainy season. (b) Long dry and Short rainy season.
Short dry and Long rainy season. (b) Long dry and Short rainy season.
The complex refractive index of water can be calculated using the following relationship [25]: Table 6-1: Extinction cross section power-law coefficients at 20°C using Mie scattering
The complex refractive index of water can be calculated using the following relationship [25]: Table 6-1: Extinction cross section power-law coefficients at 20°C using Mie scattering
Figure 6-1: Specific rain attenuation estimation in Short dry season in Butare, Rwanda for
Figure 6-1: Specific rain attenuation estimation in Short dry season in Butare, Rwanda for
Figure 6-3: Specific rain attenuation estimation in Long dry season in Butare, Rwanda for
Figure 6-3: Specific rain attenuation estimation in Long dry season in Butare, Rwanda for
Figure 6-4: Specific rain attenuation estimation in Short rain season in Butare, Rwanda for Ro.oi=114.01 mm/h
Figure 6-4: Specific rain attenuation estimation in Short rain season in Butare, Rwanda for Ro.oi=114.01 mm/h
Figure 6-6: Comparison of Specific rain attenuation for various models in Butare, Rwanda for widespread rainfall regime at 9.9 mm/h.
Figure 6-6: Comparison of Specific rain attenuation for various models in Butare, Rwanda for widespread rainfall regime at 9.9 mm/h.
Figure 6-7: Comparison of Specific rain attenuation for various models in Butare, Rwanda for
Figure 6-7: Comparison of Specific rain attenuation for various models in Butare, Rwanda for
Figure 6-8: Comparison of Specific rain attenuation for various models in Butare, Rwanda for shower rainfall regime at 39.1 mm/h.
Figure 6-8: Comparison of Specific rain attenuation for various models in Butare, Rwanda for shower rainfall regime at 39.1 mm/h.
Table 6-2: Regression coefficients k and a for various models for Butare, Rwanda at 20°C
Table 6-2: Regression coefficients k and a for various models for Butare, Rwanda at 20°C
Figure 6-9: Variation of coefficient k with frequency over Butare, Rwanda at 20°C
Figure 6-9: Variation of coefficient k with frequency over Butare, Rwanda at 20°C
Figures 6-14 to 6-16 present the comparison between the generated rain attenuation time serie: using SST model and other rain attenuation models for the rain event on 06/12/2013 at frequency
Figures 6-14 to 6-16 present the comparison between the generated rain attenuation time serie: using SST model and other rain attenuation models for the rain event on 06/12/2013 at frequency
Figure 6-16: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models
Figure 6-16: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models
Figure 6-17: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=12 GHz and path length L=2 km
Figure 6-17: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=12 GHz and path length L=2 km
Figure 6-18: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=12 GHz and path length L=5 km
Figure 6-18: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=12 GHz and path length L=5 km
Figure 6-19: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=12 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-19: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=12 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-20: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=2 km
Figure 6-20: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=2 km
Figure 6-22: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-22: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 06/12/2013 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-23: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=1 km
Figure 6-23: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=1 km
Figure 6-25: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-25: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-26: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=12 GHz and path length L=2 km
Figure 6-26: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=12 GHz and path length L=2 km
Figure 6-30: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=5 km
Figure 6-30: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=5 km
Figure 6-31: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-31: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 01/10/2014 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-34: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 18/05/2015 at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-34: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 18/05/2015 at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=8 km
Figure 6-35: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 18/05/2015 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=2 km
Figure 6-35: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models for a measured rainy event on 18/05/2015 at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=2 km
Figure 6-37: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models Bo nrc ae ence AR ee ee er ore a ccs I TT ca i A Me se De cect Secs act: ¥ OO tex
Figure 6-37: Rain rate and rain attenuation time series converted by: (a) SST (b) various models Bo nrc ae ence AR ee ee er ore a ccs I TT ca i A Me se De cect Secs act: ¥ OO tex
Gamma, Marshall-Palmer, ITU-R (H) and ITU-R (V) models, respectively.
Gamma, Marshall-Palmer, ITU-R (H) and ITU-R (V) models, respectively.
attenuation models at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=1 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012
attenuation models at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=1 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012
attenuation models at frequency f= 8 GHz and path length L=5 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012.
attenuation models at frequency f= 8 GHz and path length L=5 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012.
In Figure 6-40 at 8 GHz and path length of 5 km, for 99.99% link availability, the estimated fade
In Figure 6-40 at 8 GHz and path length of 5 km, for 99.99% link availability, the estimated fade
Figure 6-42: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain attenuation models at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=2 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012
Figure 6-42: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain attenuation models at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=2 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012
attenuation models at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=5 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012
attenuation models at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=5 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012
attenuation models at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=8 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012
attenuation models at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=8 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2012
Figure 6-47: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain attenuation models at frequency f= 8 GHz and path length L=8 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2014
Figure 6-47: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain attenuation models at frequency f= 8 GHz and path length L=8 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2014
Figure 6-48: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain Fe ee ee eS. ee, ee Se tee ees a i Oe a e, a eh Se, ee i a Me ets ce eS be (nn me. Yo er |
Figure 6-48: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain Fe ee ee eS. ee, ee Se tee ees a i Oe a e, a eh Se, ee i a Me ets ce eS be (nn me. Yo er |
Figure 6-49: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain a ny ee: ny i ) ee a o.oo ne? i ee? i ee ah i. » ey: » . a. Te me |
Figure 6-49: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain a ny ee: ny i ) ee a o.oo ne? i ee? i ee ah i. » ey: » . a. Te me |
In Figure 6-47 at 8 GHz and path length of 8 km in 2014, the corresponding attenuation values
In Figure 6-47 at 8 GHz and path length of 8 km in 2014, the corresponding attenuation values
Figure 6-51: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST (a) and other rain attenuation models (b) at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=1 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2015.
Figure 6-51: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST (a) and other rain attenuation models (b) at frequency f=8 GHz and path length L=1 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2015.
models, respectively
models, respectively
Figure 6-55: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST (a) and other rain attenuation models (b) at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=5 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2015.
Figure 6-55: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST (a) and other rain attenuation models (b) at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=5 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2015.
Figure 6-56: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain attenuation models at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=8 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2015.
Figure 6-56: Comparison between synthesized rain attenuation converted by SST and other rain attenuation models at frequency f=19 GHz and path length L=8 km over Butare, Rwanda in 2015.
Table B-1 Cont’d Table B-1: ITU-R Parameters (k and a) for rainfall specific Attenuation Estimation [91]
Table B-1 Cont’d Table B-1: ITU-R Parameters (k and a) for rainfall specific Attenuation Estimation [91]
Table C-1 Estimated specific attenuation at Roi for Ka and Ku bands for all the 60 locations over Rwanda Table C-1 Estimated specific attenuation at Ro.oi for Ka and Ku bands for all the 60 locations
Table C-1 Estimated specific attenuation at Roi for Ka and Ku bands for all the 60 locations over Rwanda Table C-1 Estimated specific attenuation at Ro.oi for Ka and Ku bands for all the 60 locations
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Radio wave Propagation ModellingRadio PropagationRadio Wave PropagationLine of sight links
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