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Fig. 18: View of the Rotomakariri (cold lake) with the Tarawera mountain, looking southeast, by Ferdinand Hochstetter, 29 April 1859. (Nolden & Nolden, 2013: 82). As in Figure 18, Hochstetter described the Rotomahana Basin between Lake Rotomahana and Mt Tarawera thus: “Before leaving lake [sic] Rotomahana, the warm lake, however, | must also make mention of the Rotomakariri, or the cold lake, situated East of the Rotomahana at the foot of the Tarawera mountain” (Hochstetter, 1867).

Figure 18 View of the Rotomakariri (cold lake) with the Tarawera mountain, looking southeast, by Ferdinand Hochstetter, 29 April 1859. (Nolden & Nolden, 2013: 82). As in Figure 18, Hochstetter described the Rotomahana Basin between Lake Rotomahana and Mt Tarawera thus: “Before leaving lake [sic] Rotomahana, the warm lake, however, | must also make mention of the Rotomakariri, or the cold lake, situated East of the Rotomahana at the foot of the Tarawera mountain” (Hochstetter, 1867).

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west and north of Lake Rotomahana. We resolved surviving pre-eruption proximal landmarks e.g. Rangipakaru Hill and the Steaming Ranges, named by Daniel Mundy (1826-1881), (Mundy, 1875). The remaining lands lie east of Lake Rotomahana in the Rotomahana Basin. These include Lakes Rotomakariri and Rangarua and the Kaiwaka and Awaporohe Streams; which | attempted to locate in 2017. Figure 1 shows the post-eruption Rotomahana Basin topography. Fig. 1. The Rotomahana Basin in July-August 1886 (Smith, 1887).
west and north of Lake Rotomahana. We resolved surviving pre-eruption proximal landmarks e.g. Rangipakaru Hill and the Steaming Ranges, named by Daniel Mundy (1826-1881), (Mundy, 1875). The remaining lands lie east of Lake Rotomahana in the Rotomahana Basin. These include Lakes Rotomakariri and Rangarua and the Kaiwaka and Awaporohe Streams; which | attempted to locate in 2017. Figure 1 shows the post-eruption Rotomahana Basin topography. Fig. 1. The Rotomahana Basin in July-August 1886 (Smith, 1887).
Fig. 2: Tarata Peninsula, abutting the northern pinnacles and Banded Hill abutting the southern pinnacles (and extending out of shot). Burton, MA_1323002. (Te Papa). surrounded by steam and ejecta joining it with the land on the north crater rim in Figures 1 and 2.
Fig. 2: Tarata Peninsula, abutting the northern pinnacles and Banded Hill abutting the southern pinnacles (and extending out of shot). Burton, MA_1323002. (Te Papa). surrounded by steam and ejecta joining it with the land on the north crater rim in Figures 1 and 2.
Rangipa Karu in 1885 and in 2016 as Patiti Island, is photographed in Figure 3. The photographs are taken along azimuths 125° (top) and 135° (bottom). The western side of Rangipa Karu (approximately) Hill is on plate. Th Rangipa karu Hil was lost in the eruption. Patiti Island is the eastern hill, extending rom the parados of the solfatara crater. This first close-up view of Rangipakaru y possible, thanks to the large-format camera and fine-grain emulsion used on its dry- ese allo W us to crop and magnify, to distinguish smaller features. The large solfatara of is shown (probably for the only time); stretching diagonally from left to right across the top shot; just as Hochstetter recorded it on his April 30 map. The crater scale and the steaming-fog from the solfatara confirms geothermal activity predated the 1886 Tarawera eruption. This helps answer the question which puzzled Tontini in 2015— the abscence of well- defined demagnetization anomaly at the Patiti hydrothermal system (Tontini et al, 2015). Hochstetter’s observation station on Puai Island is in the foreground.
Rangipa Karu in 1885 and in 2016 as Patiti Island, is photographed in Figure 3. The photographs are taken along azimuths 125° (top) and 135° (bottom). The western side of Rangipa Karu (approximately) Hill is on plate. Th Rangipa karu Hil was lost in the eruption. Patiti Island is the eastern hill, extending rom the parados of the solfatara crater. This first close-up view of Rangipakaru y possible, thanks to the large-format camera and fine-grain emulsion used on its dry- ese allo W us to crop and magnify, to distinguish smaller features. The large solfatara of is shown (probably for the only time); stretching diagonally from left to right across the top shot; just as Hochstetter recorded it on his April 30 map. The crater scale and the steaming-fog from the solfatara confirms geothermal activity predated the 1886 Tarawera eruption. This helps answer the question which puzzled Tontini in 2015— the abscence of well- defined demagnetization anomaly at the Patiti hydrothermal system (Tontini et al, 2015). Hochstetter’s observation station on Puai Island is in the foreground.
Fig. 4: Lake Rotomahana, Rangipakaru Hill (now Patiti Island) and Tarata Peninsula c. 1921. (Cotton, 1921, Te Papa). t follows that as Tarata Point (Tarata Peninsula as Ron Keam later named it), continues north inder the 1886 ejecta; the White Terrace spring must lie buried on land, close to but outside the crater as in Figure 5 (Keam, 2015). To any observer noting this coincidence between Banded and Rangipakaru Hills in 1886, on Smith’s 1886 map the Peninsula—Banded Hill distance is ~800 m. This distance on Hochstetter’s published 1864 map would disclose the Peninsula ended halfway up the Steaming Ranges— more evidence the White Terrace lay buried north of the crater rim.
Fig. 4: Lake Rotomahana, Rangipakaru Hill (now Patiti Island) and Tarata Peninsula c. 1921. (Cotton, 1921, Te Papa). t follows that as Tarata Point (Tarata Peninsula as Ron Keam later named it), continues north inder the 1886 ejecta; the White Terrace spring must lie buried on land, close to but outside the crater as in Figure 5 (Keam, 2015). To any observer noting this coincidence between Banded and Rangipakaru Hills in 1886, on Smith’s 1886 map the Peninsula—Banded Hill distance is ~800 m. This distance on Hochstetter’s published 1864 map would disclose the Peninsula ended halfway up the Steaming Ranges— more evidence the White Terrace lay buried north of the crater rim.
Fig. 5: Georeferenced Steaming Ranges (in burnt umber), over Tarata Peninsula on Google Earth™, with Lake Rotomahana and White Terrace on left and Lake Rotomakariri on right. River entry paths are shown and discussed below. (Hochstetter’s 30 April, 185$ map).
Fig. 5: Georeferenced Steaming Ranges (in burnt umber), over Tarata Peninsula on Google Earth™, with Lake Rotomahana and White Terrace on left and Lake Rotomakariri on right. River entry paths are shown and discussed below. (Hochstetter’s 30 April, 185$ map).
Fig. 6: Southern end of Tarata Peninsula (Bunn, 2016). In Figure 5, the area between of the White Terrace and Tarata Peninsula, is now a shallow lake inlet. Pre-eruption photography and georeferencing show this was an overlooked valley. This valley opened west and wound behind the Tarata embankment. It hosted the first two great boiling springs on the tourist path i.e. Ngahutu and Ngahapu. For these, refer to the inset photograph in Figure 15. Ngahutu Spring disappeared from the historical record but this valley and its springs reenter the narrative for two reasons discussed herein. First, it contributed a low point to the post-eruption crater rim. Second, its springs each contained ~1.5 ML water.
Fig. 6: Southern end of Tarata Peninsula (Bunn, 2016). In Figure 5, the area between of the White Terrace and Tarata Peninsula, is now a shallow lake inlet. Pre-eruption photography and georeferencing show this was an overlooked valley. This valley opened west and wound behind the Tarata embankment. It hosted the first two great boiling springs on the tourist path i.e. Ngahutu and Ngahapu. For these, refer to the inset photograph in Figure 15. Ngahutu Spring disappeared from the historical record but this valley and its springs reenter the narrative for two reasons discussed herein. First, it contributed a low point to the post-eruption crater rim. Second, its springs each contained ~1.5 ML water.
Fig. 7. Ac. 1936 aerial photograph of Lake Rotomahana, taken from the southwest. Warbrick’s 1936 black arrows point to his shoreline locations of the Terraces: the Pink Terraces in the second small bay below Boat Launch Bay and the White Terraces a little west of Tarata Peninsula. The white arrows point to our 2022 Terrace locations, based on Hochstetter’s survey. The 1936 and 2022 arrows point to the same locations (New Zealand Herald, 16 May 1936, by permission).
Fig. 7. Ac. 1936 aerial photograph of Lake Rotomahana, taken from the southwest. Warbrick’s 1936 black arrows point to his shoreline locations of the Terraces: the Pink Terraces in the second small bay below Boat Launch Bay and the White Terraces a little west of Tarata Peninsula. The white arrows point to our 2022 Terrace locations, based on Hochstetter’s survey. The 1936 and 2022 arrows point to the same locations (New Zealand Herald, 16 May 1936, by permission).
Fig. 9: Georeferencing showing Boiling River branches superimposed over Hangapoua Stream on Hochstetter’s manuscript map. It connects with streams 1283784 and 1283810. The Waiahinekahu connects to the existing stream 1102186. Note the three eastern gullies, issuing these streams then and now.
Fig. 9: Georeferencing showing Boiling River branches superimposed over Hangapoua Stream on Hochstetter’s manuscript map. It connects with streams 1283784 and 1283810. The Waiahinekahu connects to the existing stream 1102186. Note the three eastern gullies, issuing these streams then and now.
Fig. 10: Kaiwaka Lower section, probably by Charles Spencer (1854-1933), for Burton Brothers, Dunedin over 13-18/6/1886. (MA_1043612 Te Papa).
Fig. 10: Kaiwaka Lower section, probably by Charles Spencer (1854-1933), for Burton Brothers, Dunedin over 13-18/6/1886. (MA_1043612 Te Papa).
Fig. 11: Georeferenced Hochstetter 30 April 1859 manuscript map over Smith 1886 on Google Earth. Note Smith’s Pinnacle marked over the Waikanapanapa Valley (in yellow ochre). As the eruptions that night progressed southwest from Wahanga peak, the chasm eruption anc that under Lake Rotomakariri would precede those under Lake Rotomahana. Cole suggested: “the explosions from The Chasm could have been caused by cold water draining from Lake Rotomahana into the eruptive fissure” (Cole, 1970). The chasm water would have come from Lake Rotomakariri to both cause the chasm to erupt and then to drain into the Chasm- Rotomakariri eruption fissure. Once the fissure extended under the Steaming Ranges, Rotomahana lake water would have drained into the growing fissural excavation.
Fig. 11: Georeferenced Hochstetter 30 April 1859 manuscript map over Smith 1886 on Google Earth. Note Smith’s Pinnacle marked over the Waikanapanapa Valley (in yellow ochre). As the eruptions that night progressed southwest from Wahanga peak, the chasm eruption anc that under Lake Rotomakariri would precede those under Lake Rotomahana. Cole suggested: “the explosions from The Chasm could have been caused by cold water draining from Lake Rotomahana into the eruptive fissure” (Cole, 1970). The chasm water would have come from Lake Rotomakariri to both cause the chasm to erupt and then to drain into the Chasm- Rotomakariri eruption fissure. Once the fissure extended under the Steaming Ranges, Rotomahana lake water would have drained into the growing fissural excavation.
Fig. 12. Muir’s photograph (cropped) of the northwest crater in late July-early August 1886. Surface water is seen beside the near embayments. (Te Papa MA_ 1023507)
Fig. 12. Muir’s photograph (cropped) of the northwest crater in late July-early August 1886. Surface water is seen beside the near embayments. (Te Papa MA_ 1023507)
Fig. 13. Spencer’s photograph (cropped) of the northwest crater in July 1886. Black Terrace Stream, surface water and the runnel are arrowed (Te Papa MA_1396152). (Imag deterioration probably from poor print fixing).
Fig. 13. Spencer’s photograph (cropped) of the northwest crater in July 1886. Black Terrace Stream, surface water and the runnel are arrowed (Te Papa MA_1396152). (Imag deterioration probably from poor print fixing).
Fig. 14: Our published Iteration V-VI Pink Terrace spring location, lying along the same section of rim in Figures 12 and 13. (Bunn, 2019). Hochstetter’s Pink Terrace bearing also strikes this spot, confirming Warbrick’s location.
Fig. 14: Our published Iteration V-VI Pink Terrace spring location, lying along the same section of rim in Figures 12 and 13. (Bunn, 2019). Hochstetter’s Pink Terrace bearing also strikes this spot, confirming Warbrick’s location.
Fig. 15: The post-eruption isthmus landmarks and streams (MA_1269460, Te Papa). Note: this Muir image is cropped and enhanced to improve watercourse visibility. The main Kumete watercourse is Blue. The Kaiwaka is red. The Awaporohe is yellow. The saddle overflow is mauve. The Black Terrace, Black Terrace Crater and Black Terrace stream are circled in black. The Ngahutu Valley is inset. The Tarata (White Terrace) location is the same as Warbrick’s.
Fig. 15: The post-eruption isthmus landmarks and streams (MA_1269460, Te Papa). Note: this Muir image is cropped and enhanced to improve watercourse visibility. The main Kumete watercourse is Blue. The Kaiwaka is red. The Awaporohe is yellow. The saddle overflow is mauve. The Black Terrace, Black Terrace Crater and Black Terrace stream are circled in black. The Ngahutu Valley is inset. The Tarata (White Terrace) location is the same as Warbrick’s.
Fig. 19: Hochstetter’s 30 April 1859 map georeferenced on Station 21 and Puai Island, over Google Earth. White rays are Hochstetter’s survey bearings. The Steaming Ranges are in burnt umber. Lake Rotomakariri is sketched in outline to the right of the Ranges. See text for river courses.
Fig. 19: Hochstetter’s 30 April 1859 map georeferenced on Station 21 and Puai Island, over Google Earth. White rays are Hochstetter’s survey bearings. The Steaming Ranges are in burnt umber. Lake Rotomakariri is sketched in outline to the right of the Ranges. See text for river courses.
Related topics:
Spatial AnalysisGeospatial AnalysisGeospatial ArchaeologyGeospatial analysis and modelingTarawera Eruption
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