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Fig. 4. Iso-Salinity (TDS) contour map of the Quaternary aquifer (mg/l) in El Arish area, A pril 2002. Variogram (Rational Quadratic (R= 2.0 and A=60)).

Figure 4 Iso-Salinity (TDS) contour map of the Quaternary aquifer (mg/l) in El Arish area, A pril 2002. Variogram (Rational Quadratic (R= 2.0 and A=60)).

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Fig. 1. Location map of the study area.
Fig. 1. Location map of the study area.
The Quaternary aquifer in the area includes different lithological units (sand, sandstone and calcareous sandstone), which are hydraulically connected (Figs. 1 and 2). Moreover the Quaternary aquifer is also connected with the underling Cretaceous aquifers as a result of faults south of Al Arish (Dames and Moore, 1984). Generally, the Quaternary aquifer extends to the east, west and south outside the study area, but it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north. Ground water level fluctuations of the Quaternary aquifer are affected by rainfall, excessive pumping and evapotranspiration. Ground water table measurements indicate that there are noticeable rising in water levels during the winter (recharge season) and slight lowering during summer (the dry season). According to several hydrogeologic studies (Paver and Jordan, 1956, Geofizika, 1963, Dames and Moore, 1984, El Bihery and Lachmar, 1994, Abdel Aal, 1998) the continuous over pumping exploited the aquifer since the mid of the last century, resulting in dramatic decrease in water level over time. Table 1. Idealized stratigraphic column of the study area. (Compiled from: Shata (1959), Salem (1963), Taha (1968) and Morsy et al. (1995)).
The Quaternary aquifer in the area includes different lithological units (sand, sandstone and calcareous sandstone), which are hydraulically connected (Figs. 1 and 2). Moreover the Quaternary aquifer is also connected with the underling Cretaceous aquifers as a result of faults south of Al Arish (Dames and Moore, 1984). Generally, the Quaternary aquifer extends to the east, west and south outside the study area, but it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north. Ground water level fluctuations of the Quaternary aquifer are affected by rainfall, excessive pumping and evapotranspiration. Ground water table measurements indicate that there are noticeable rising in water levels during the winter (recharge season) and slight lowering during summer (the dry season). According to several hydrogeologic studies (Paver and Jordan, 1956, Geofizika, 1963, Dames and Moore, 1984, El Bihery and Lachmar, 1994, Abdel Aal, 1998) the continuous over pumping exploited the aquifer since the mid of the last century, resulting in dramatic decrease in water level over time. Table 1. Idealized stratigraphic column of the study area. (Compiled from: Shata (1959), Salem (1963), Taha (1968) and Morsy et al. (1995)).
Fig. 3. Water table of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt, 2002. Variogram (Rational Quadratic (R= 2.0 and A= 60.44), Nugget effect (E= 0.5 and M=0)).
Fig. 3. Water table of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt, 2002. Variogram (Rational Quadratic (R= 2.0 and A= 60.44), Nugget effect (E= 0.5 and M=0)).
Fig. 2b. Hydrogeologic cross section B - B’ in Al Arish area.
Fig. 2b. Hydrogeologic cross section B - B’ in Al Arish area.
<=under the detection limits Table 2. Chemical analyses of selected constituents in ground water from wells sampled during investigation of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, April, 2002.
<=under the detection limits Table 2. Chemical analyses of selected constituents in ground water from wells sampled during investigation of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, April, 2002.
Table 3. Ground water categories of Cl/(HCO3+CO3”) ratio of the Quatermary aquifer in Al Arish area,
Table 3. Ground water categories of Cl/(HCO3+CO3”) ratio of the Quatermary aquifer in Al Arish area,
Fig. 5. Water types classification of the aquifer using piper's diagram according to Langguth (1966).
Fig. 5. Water types classification of the aquifer using piper's diagram according to Langguth (1966).
Table 4. Saturation indices (SI) of different mineral phases of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt.
Table 4. Saturation indices (SI) of different mineral phases of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt.
Table 5. Mineral dissolution (+) or precipitated (-) in mmol/L of the inverse model of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt.
Table 5. Mineral dissolution (+) or precipitated (-) in mmol/L of the inverse model of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt.
Fig. 6. Areal distribution of the ground water clusters of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt Cluster analysis of the z-standardized input data matrix of 21 cases using the hydrochemical composition of 14 variables (Table 2) is given in Q-mode dendrograms (Fig. 6 ). The Q-mode dendrogram is interpreted at a similarity linkage distance of 6.0, where there are three clusters and three independent cases (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Areal distribution of the ground water clusters of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt Cluster analysis of the z-standardized input data matrix of 21 cases using the hydrochemical composition of 14 variables (Table 2) is given in Q-mode dendrograms (Fig. 6 ). The Q-mode dendrogram is interpreted at a similarity linkage distance of 6.0, where there are three clusters and three independent cases (Fig. 6).
Table 6. The variables average values of the three clusters of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt. Cluster (II) contains the water samples No. 3, 6, 14, 16 and 20, It has moderate values of pH, Eh, TDS, Na‘, Mg”, Ca”, Cl, NO3, SO4?, HCO3, Sr and Ba™ (Table 6). This cluster is located in the northern and central parts extending into the southeastern part of the study area (Fig. 6). This group shows moderate flow path and percolation of ground water, it is characterized by the mixing of recharge sources mostly rainfall and runoff. This is confirmed with the moderate negative saturation indices of the former minerals (Table 4).
Table 6. The variables average values of the three clusters of the Quaternary aquifer in Al Arish area, Egypt. Cluster (II) contains the water samples No. 3, 6, 14, 16 and 20, It has moderate values of pH, Eh, TDS, Na‘, Mg”, Ca”, Cl, NO3, SO4?, HCO3, Sr and Ba™ (Table 6). This cluster is located in the northern and central parts extending into the southeastern part of the study area (Fig. 6). This group shows moderate flow path and percolation of ground water, it is characterized by the mixing of recharge sources mostly rainfall and runoff. This is confirmed with the moderate negative saturation indices of the former minerals (Table 4).
Table 7. Factor analysis loadings and eigenvalues of Quaternary aqui.Ofer in Al Arish area, Egypt.
Table 7. Factor analysis loadings and eigenvalues of Quaternary aqui.Ofer in Al Arish area, Egypt.
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